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User:Surjection/urj-pro comparison

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
  • en.wikt: currently used on English Wiktionary, largely based on UEW
  • UEW: used by Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Károly Rédei), which is hosted online under uralonet.nytud.hu
  • Aikio: based on Ante Aikio's Uralic Etymological Dictionary (draft) as well as his monograph Proto-Uralic
  • EVE: by Petri Kallio, used by EVE
  • Zhivlov: Mikhail Zhivlov (2023): Reconstruction of Proto-Uralic, in The Uralic Languages, 2nd edition

Vowels

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Initial vowels

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en.wikt *a *e *i *o *u
UEW *e̮ *ē *ī *ū1
Aikio *i̮
EVE *i ? *ï2
Zhivlov *i *e̮
  • 1) UEW also reconstructs long vowels *ē *ī *ū for some words. However, modern consensus regarding Proto-Uralic is that it had no phonemic vowel length distinction.
  • 2) According to vowel harmony; this vowel for back-vowel harmony. However, EVE's use of this is inconsistent. It is not listed in the EVE dictionary entries, but is listed in the Proto-Finnic database and is presumably their explanation for words with i-(a) vocalism in Finnic where the initial i is represented by a back vowel in some other branches (e.g. *kïśka-, *ńïla).

Non-initial vowels

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en.wikt *a *e
UEW
Aikio *i
EVE ? *ǝ̑2
Zhivlov *i
  • 2) According to vowel harmony; this vowel for back-vowel harmony. However, EVE's use of this phoneme is inconsistent. Some of their reconstructions use it (including all reconstructions in the PF database) and others do not.

Consonants

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Sibilants and affricates

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en.wikt *s
UEW
Aikio
EVE
Zhivlov

Palatalized sonorants

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en.wikt *ľ́
UEW
Aikio
EVE
Zhivlov

Spirants/coronals

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Sometimes transcribed as *d1, *d2

en.wikt *d/*δ3 *ď/*δ̕3
UEW *δ̕
Aikio *d
EVE
Zhivlov *δʹ
  • 3) Inconsistent usage

"Laryngeal"

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Possibly [ɣ] according to Aikio (2022)

en.wikt *x
UEW
Aikio *x
EVE
Zhivlov

Additional consonants

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UEW reconstructs a consonant *θ which is however not recognized by Aikio, EVE nor Zhivlov. No PU entry on en.wikt currently uses it.