User:Sumiaz/Ordering

Suffix Order

The orders described below are general guidelines, not hard-and-fast rules.

Muysken (1986)

• Pieter Muysken's order:

ROOT - Valence[1] (RECP, DES, CAUS) - Voice - Valence[2] (REFL, BEN) - Aspect - Object - Tense - Subject - Number - Mood

Kelly (2011)

David Weber (1996) describes Huallaga Quechua as utilizing an "inflectional complex" of suffixes, broken down into the obligatory "transitional" suffixes, and the optional "pre-" and "post-transitional" suffixes. The term "transition" is taken from colonial-era descriptions of Quechua, referring to those suffixes that express the relationship between subject and object.

• Niamh Kelly's order (2011):

Pretransitional: VBZ - MDF - AUX - DIR

Transitional: OBJ - PROG - PST - 1.SBJ.FUT - IMP - 3.SBJ - 2.OBJ - 3.SBJ.FUT - PL.SBJ/OBJ - COND

Posttransitional: NUAC - EV - POSTPOS

Pre-Transitional Order

• Derivational suffixes tend to come first.

  k'uspa "curly" → k'uspachay "to make curly"

Examples

maqaykuwananpaq

maqa-yku-wa-na-n-paq

hit-INT-1.OBJ-SUB-3S.SBJ-BEN

"so that he hits me"

nina k'uspachachkan aqchanta
nina	k'uspa-cha-chka-n	aqcha-n-ta
fire	curly-CAUS-PROG-3S.SBJ	hair-3S.POS-ACC
"the fire is making his hair curly"

uyawarqanki

uya-wa-rqa-nki

hear-1.OBJ-PST.M-2S.SBJ

"you heard me"

Radius of Influence

liyita yachachiwanqa
liyi-ta	yacha-chi-wa-nqa
read-ACC	know-CAUS-1.OBJ-3S.SBJ.FUT
"he will teach me to read"

aruchiysisun

aru-chi-ysi-su-n

work-CAUS-AST-2.OBJ-3S.SBJ

"he'll make someone else work for you"

aruysichisun

aru-ysi-chi-su-n

work-AST-CAUS-2.OBJ-3S.SBJ

"he'll make you help someone else to work"

kay wallpata wañuchipuykuway
kay	wallpa-ta	wañu-chi-pu-yku-wa-y
this	chicken-ACC	die-CAUS-BEN-INT-1.OBJ-IMP
"please kill this chicken for me"

kay wallpata wañuykuchipuway
kay	wallpa-ta	wañu-yku-chi-pu-wa-y
this	chicken-ACC	die-INT-CAUS-BEN-1.OBJ-IMP
"make them kill this chicken for me"

Abbreviations

Abbreviations tend to follow those listed on Wikipedia, but a few differences exist:

• A distinction is made between Causal [CAL] -rayku and Causative [CAUS] -cha/-chi
• The glosses EV and PST are accompanied by M (first-hand info) or S (second-hand info):

  M-Evidential [EV.M] -m(i); Experienced M-Past [PST.M] -rqa

  S-Evidential [EV.S] -s(i); Reported S-Past [PST.S] -sqa

• The gloss Object [OBJ] usually refers to the direct object, although in some contexts it may refer to an indirect object.
• The nominative case [NOM], carrying no particular suffix, is unmarked and ignored in glosses.
• The suffix -man is variably treated as a dative [DAT] or illative [ILL] case. This page analyzes it as a lative [LAT] case.

List

1=First-person; 2=Second-person; 3=Third-person; ABE=Abessive; ABL=Ablative; ACC=Accusative; ASC=Associative; AST=Assistive; AUX=Auxiliary; BEN=Benefactive; CAL=Causal; CAUS=Causative; COM=Comitative; COMP=Comparative; DES=Desiderative; DIR=Directional; DSTR=Distributive; DUR=Durative; EV=Evidential; EX=Exclusive; FUT=Future; GEN=Genitive; IMP=Imperative; IN=Inclusive; INS=Instrumental; INT=Intensifier; ITR=Iterative; LAT=Lative; LOC=Locative; MDF=Modifier; NUAC=Nuance; OBJ=Object; PL=Plural; POS=Possessive; PROG=Progressive; PST=Past; RECP=Reciprocal; REFL=Reflexive; SG=Singular; SBJ=Subject; SUB=Subordinator; TERM=Terminative; VBZ=Verbalizer