User:Smashhoof/Zulu Verb Tone
Below are links to Zulu verb inflection tables with tone. I used the sources listed below as well as my own elicitation. This is a work in progress, and I'll keep a list of my notes on this page. When this is complete, I will work on updating the Zulu verb inflection module to include tone, but I wanted to put this data here for others to see. It is possible that there are mistakes at this stage, but I will cross-reference with my own elicitation in the near future.
Key
[edit]- ː marks a long vowel
- ́ marks a high tone
- ̂ marks a falling tone (on long vowels only)
- There is automatic downstep between each successive high tone (unmarked)
L Verbs
[edit]H Verbs
[edit]HH Verbs
[edit]Notes
[edit]- CVCVC-V low verbs: In the negative past, Poulos says the tone is LLHLHL, but Khumalo says LHLLHL. This could be a dialectal difference.
- Indicative principal present negative of VC roots needs to be checked.
- Principal remote past needs to be checked in V initial verbs.
References
[edit]- Khumalo, J. S. M. (1981). Zulu tonology. African Studies, 40(2), 53–130. doi:10.1080/00020188108707573. eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00020188108707573
- Khumalo, J. S. M. (1982). Zulu tonology. African Studies, 41(1), 3–125. doi:10.1080/00020188208707579. eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00020188208707579
- Khumalo, J. S. M. (1987). An autosegmental account of Zulu phonology (Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg).
- Khumalo, J. S. M. (1989). 'Leftward ho!' in Zulu tonology. South African Journal of African Languages, 9(2), 59-69. doi:10.1080/02572117.1989.10586780. eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1989.10586780
- Poulos, G., & Msimang, C. T. (1998). A linguistic analysis of Zulu. Cape Town: Via Afrika.