User:Korn/draft
Which of the features of each variant are considered 'standard' varies depending on time, region and even individual views of the speaker/author. As a general rule, however, speakers of the southern variants may consciously imitate northern speech, but a northern native speaker will not train himself to use a southern form.
Sources:
- Die Aussprache der Standardsprache in der deutschen Schweiz (Hove)
- Duden - Das Aussprachewörterbuch (Mangold), section Genormte Lautung
- Standard Austrian German (Moosmüller, Schmid, Brandstätter)
Note that [ɐ] is a shorthand for an allophonic range of central vowels which assimilate in heighth to the preceding vowel.
| Phoneme | Swiss variant | Northern variant | Austrian variant |
|---|---|---|---|
| /a/, /aː/ | [ɑ], [ɑː] | [a~ä], [äː~ɑː] | [ɑ], [ɑː] |
| /ar/ | [ɑr] | [aː~äː~ar/är], may merge with /aː/ | [ɑː], merges with /aː/ |
| /ɪ, ʊ, ʏ/ | [e~i, o~u, ø~y] | [ɪ, ʊ, ʏ] | [ɪ~i, ʊ~u, ʏ~y]; [i, u, y] are the native local realisations |
| /ə/ | [ə] | [ə~ɘ] | [e~ɛ], may become [o̞~ø̞] allophonically in labial/lateral environment |
| /e/ | [e] | [ɛ], merges with /ɛ/ | [e~e̞], may merge with /ɛ/ [e̞] |
| /ɛː/ | [ɛː], distribution according to etymology | [ɛː~eː], distribution according to spelling, may merge with /eː/ | [ɛː~eː], distribution according to spelling, may merge with /eː/ |
| /aɪ, aʊ, ɔɪ/ | ? | [ae̯, ao̯, ɔɪ̯~ɔʏ̯] | [æe̞̯~æː, ɑo̞̯~ɒː, o̞e̞̯] |
| /z/ | [z̥~s] | [z~s], may merge with /sː/ [s] | [s], may merge with /sː/ [s]; [s~z] intervocalic |
| /r/ | [r] | [ɾ~r~ʀ~ʁ~ʕ̞] | [r~ɹ~ʀ~ʁ~χ] |
| /rC/ | /rC/ | /rC~ɐC/ | /rC~ɐC/ |
| /ər/ | [ər] | [ɐ] | [ɛr~ɛɐ̯~ɐ] |
| /x/ | [x~χ] | [ç~x~χ] | [ç~x~χ] |
| /xs/ | [xs] | [ks] | [xs~ks] |
| /Cː/ | /Cː/ | /C/, ambisyllabic | /Cː~C/, ambisyllabic if short |
| final /l/ | [lˠ~ʟ], may vocalise | [l~lˠ], velarisation tends to be avoided by non‐conservative speakers | [l~ʟ], may vocalise |
| intervocalic /h/ | [h] | mute | mute |
| /p, t, k/ | [p, t, k] | [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] | [pʰ~b̥, tʰ~d̥, kʰ~g̊], may merge with /b, d, g/ intervocally, /k/ may merge with /g/ word‐initially before consonants |
| non‐final /b, d, g/ | [b̥, d̥, g̊] | [b̥~b, d̥~d, g̊~g] | [b̥, d̥, g̊] |
| final /b, d, g/ | [b̥, d̥, g̊] | [p~pʰ, t~tʰ, k~kʰ] | [p~pʰ, t~tʰ, k~kʰ] |
| qu | /kw/ | /kv/ | /kv/ |
| final /ɪg/ | [ɪg̊] | [ɪç] | [ɪkʰ] |