User:Justinrleung/Interdialectal differences in Quan-Zhang Min Nan
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Initials
[edit]Xiamen | p | ph | m | b | t | th | n | l | ch | chh | l | s | k | kh | ng | g | h | - |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quanzhou | p | ph | m | b | t | th | n | l | ch | chh | l | s | k | kh | ng | g | h | - |
Zhangzhou | p | ph | m | b | t | th | n | l | ch | chh | j | s | k | kh | ng | g | h | - |
Taipei | p | ph | m | b | t | th | n | l | ch | chh | l | s | k | kh | ng | g | h | - |
Kaohsiung | p | ph | m | b | t | th | n | l | ch | chh | j | s | k | kh | ng | g | h | - |
Example | 邊 | 波 | 門 | 文 | 地 | 他 | 卵 | 柳 | 貞 | 出 | 入 | 時 | 求 | 去 | 雅 | 語 | 喜 | 英 |
Finals
[edit]Open finals
[edit]Xiamen | a | e | e | e | e | e | o (/o/, /ɤ/) | o͘ | i | i | u | u | ai | au | ia | io | iu | iau | oa | oe | oe | ui | oai |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quanzhou | a | e | e | er | er | er | o (/o/) | o͘ | i | ir | u | ir | ai | au | ia | io | iu | iau | oa | oe | oe | ui | oai |
Zhangzhou | a | e | ee | e | oe | oai | o (/o/) | o͘ | i | i | u | u | ai | au | ia | io | iu | iau | oa | oe | e | ui | oai |
Taipei | a | e | e | e | e | e | o (/o/) | o͘ | i | i | u | u | ai | au | ia | io | iu | iau | oa | oe | oe | ui | oai |
Kaohsiung | a | e | e | e | oe | oe | o (/ɤ/) | o͘ | i | i | u | u | ai | au | ia | io | iu | iau | oa | oe | e | ui | oai |
Example | 亞 | 迷 | 茶 | 袋 | 皮 | 糜 | 澳 | 烏 | 伊 | 豬 | 有 | 自 | 愛 | 歐 | 夜 | 搖 | 油 | 枵 | 歌 | 杯 | 初 | 為 | 怪 |
Finals with nasal codas and nasalized finals
[edit]Xiamen | m | im | am | im | im | im | iam | in | un | un | an | ian | oan | ng | ng | eng | ang | iang | iang | ong | ong | iong | iong |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quanzhou | m | im | am | im | erm | erm | iam | in | un | un | an | ian | oan | ng | ng | eng | ang | iang | ang | ong | oang | iong | iong |
Zhangzhou | m | im | am | om | om | im | iam | in | un | in | an | ian | oan | ng | uiⁿ | eng | ang | iang | iang | ong | ong | iong | iang |
Taipei | m | im | am | om | im | im | iam | in | un | un | an | ian | oan | ng | ng | eng | ang | iang | iang | ong | ong | iong | iong |
Kaohsiung | m | im | am | om | im | im | iam | in | un | in | an | ian | oan | ng | ng | eng | ang | iang | iang | ong | ong | iong | iong |
Example | 毋 | 音 | 暗 | 掩 | 森 | 欣 | 點 | 因 | 溫 | 根 | 安 | 然 | 灣 | 當 | 飯 | 冰 | 紅 | 涼 | 雙 | 王 | 風 | 中 | 強 |
Xiamen | aⁿ | eⁿ (/ẽ/) | eⁿ (/ẽ/) | oⁿ | iⁿ | iⁿ | aiⁿ | auⁿ | iaⁿ | iuⁿ | iauⁿ | oaⁿ | uiⁿ | oaiⁿ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quanzhou | aⁿ | aⁿ | iⁿ | oⁿ | iⁿ | iⁿ | aiⁿ | auⁿ | iaⁿ | iuⁿ | iauⁿ | oaⁿ | uiⁿ | uiⁿ |
Zhangzhou | aⁿ | eⁿ (/ɛ̃/) | eⁿ (/ɛ̃/) | oⁿ | eⁿ (/ɛ̃/) | iⁿ | aiⁿ | auⁿ | iaⁿ | ioⁿ | iauⁿ | oaⁿ | oaⁿ | oaⁿ |
Taipei | aⁿ | aⁿ | iⁿ | oⁿ | iⁿ | iⁿ | aiⁿ | auⁿ | iaⁿ | iuⁿ | iauⁿ | oaⁿ | uiⁿ | uiⁿ |
Kaohsiung | aⁿ | eⁿ (/ẽ/) | eⁿ (/ẽ/) | oⁿ | eⁿ (/ẽ/) | iⁿ | aiⁿ | auⁿ | iaⁿ | iuⁿ | iauⁿ | oaⁿ | uiⁿ | oaiⁿ |
Example | 敢 | 罵 | 嬰 | 好 | 平 | 邊 | 買 | 毛 | 贏 | 羊 | 擽 | 半 | 快 | 關 |
Checked finals
[edit]Xiamen | ip | ap | iap | - | it | ut | at | iat | oat | ek | ak | iak | ok | iok |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quanzhou | ip | ap | iap | - | it | ut | at | iat | oat | iak | ak | iak | ok | iok |
Zhangzhou | ip | ap | iap | op | it | ut | at | iat | oat | ek | ak | iak | ok | iok |
Taipei | ip | ap | iap | op | it | ut | at | iat | oat | ek | ak | iak | ok | iok |
Kaohsiung | ip | ap | iap | op | it | ut | at | iat | oat | ek | ak | iak | ok | iok |
Example | 入 | 十 | 廿 | 橐 | 必 | 不 | 力 | 熱 | 法 | 竹 | 北 | 煏 | 督 | 玉 |
Xiamen | ah | eh | eh | eh | oh | o͘h | ih | uh | iah | oah | oeh | uih | iuh | ioh | ioh | auh | iauh |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quanzhou | ah | eh | eh | erh | oh | o͘h | ih | uh | iah | oah | oeh | uih | iuh | ioh | ioh | auh | iauh |
Zhangzhou | ah | eh | eeh | oeh | oh | o͘h | ih | uh | iah | oah | eh | oeh | iuh | ioh | io͘h | auh | iauh |
Taipei | ah | eh | eh | eh | oh | o͘h | ih | uh | iah | oah | oeh | uih | iuh | ioh | ioh | auh | iauh |
Kaohsiung | ah | eh | eh | oeh | oh | o͘h | ih | uh | iah | oah | eh | oeh | iuh | ioh | ioh | auh | iauh |
Example | 拍 | 伯 | 白 | 月 | 薄 | - | 覕 | 托 | 拆 | 活 | 八 | 血 | 搐 | 著 | 諾 | 軋 | 藃 |
Xiamen | mh | ngh | ahⁿ | ehⁿ | ohⁿ | ihⁿ | iahⁿ | oehⁿ | auhⁿ | iauhⁿ | oaihⁿ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quanzhou | mh | ngh | ahⁿ | eh | ohⁿ | ihⁿ | iahⁿ | oeh | auhⁿ | iauhⁿ | oaihⁿ |
Zhangzhou | mh | ngh | ahⁿ | eehⁿ | ohⁿ | ihⁿ | iahⁿ | eehⁿ | auhⁿ | iauhⁿ | oaihⁿ |
Taipei | mh | ngh | ahⁿ | ehⁿ | ohⁿ | ihⁿ | iahⁿ | ehⁿ | auhⁿ | iauhⁿ | oaihⁿ |
Kaohsiung | mh | ngh | ahⁿ | ehⁿ | ohⁿ | ihⁿ | iahⁿ | ehⁿ | auhⁿ | iauhⁿ | oaihⁿ |
Example | 噷 | 哼 | 凹 | 脈 | 膜 | 𥍉 | 挔 | 夾 | 澩 | 蟯 | 𠃛 |
Tones
[edit]First row: original tone
Second row: sandhi
Third row: apparent tone after sandhi
Level | Rising | Departing | Entering | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yin | Yang | Yin | Yang | Yin | Yang | Yin | Yang | |||
Tone marks | a | â | á | ǎ | à | ā | ap, at, ak | ah | a̍p, a̍t, a̍k | a̍h |
Xiamen | 44 | 24 | 53 | - | 21 | 22 | 32 | 4 | ||
22 | 22 | 44 | - | 53 | 21 | 4 | 53 | 32 | 21 | |
ā | ā | a | - | á | à | a̍p, a̍t, a̍k | á | ap, at, ak | à | |
Quanzhou | 33 | 24 | 554 | 22 | 41 | 5 | 24 | |||
33 | 22 | 24 | 22 | 554 | 22 | 24 | 5 | 22 | ||
a | ǎ | â | ǎ | á | ǎ | a̍p, a̍t, a̍k | ah | ǎp, ǎt, ǎk, ǎ | ||
Zhangzhou | 44 | 13 | 53 | - | 21 | 22 | 32 | 121 | ||
22 | 22 | 44 | - | 53 | 21 | 5 | 53 | 21 | ||
ā | ā | a | - | á | à | a̋p, a̋t, a̋k | á | àp, àt, àk, à | ||
Taipei | 44 | 24 | 53 | - | 11 | 33 | 32 | 4 | ||
33 | 11 | 44 | - | 53 | 11 | 4 | 53 | 32 | 11 | |
ā | à | a | - | á | à | a̍p, a̍t, a̍k | á | ap, at, ak | à | |
Kaohsiung | 44 | 23 | 41 | - | 21 | 33 | 32 | 4 | ||
33 | 33 | 44 | - | 53 | 21 | 4 | 41 | 32 | 21 | |
ā | ā | a | - | á | à | a̍p, a̍t, a̍k | á | ap, at, ak | à | |
Example | 東 | 同 | 黨 | 動 | 棟 | 洞 | 督 | 毒 |
References
[edit]- Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan
- 台灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案及其發音學習網
- Zhou, Changji (ed.). Minnan Fangyan Da Cidian (Chinese). Fuzhou: Fujian People's Publishing House, 2006. →ISBN.
- Wikipedia articles: