From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Dungan
Wikipedia
RK (1967)
Salmi (2007)
Lin (2007)
б
/p/ /p/ /p/ /p/
п
/pʰ/ /pʰ/ [ 1] /pˣ/ /pʰ/ [ 1]
м
/m/ /m/ /m/ /m/
ф
/f/ /f/ /f/ /f/
в
/v/ /w/ /v/ /v/
д
/t/ /t/ /t/ /t/
т
/tʰ/ /tʰ/ [ 1] /tˣ/ /tʰ/ [ 1]
н
/n/ /n/ /n/ /n/
л
/l/ /l/ /l/ /l/
з
/ts/ /dz/ /ts/ /ts/
ц
/tsʰ/ /tsʰ/ [ 1] /tsˣ/ /tsʰ/ [ 1]
с
/s/ /s/ /s/ /s/
р
/ɻ/ /r/ /r/ /r/
җ
/tʂ/ , /tɕ/ /tʂ/ ([tʂ] , [tç] )[ 2] /tʂ/ , /tɕ/ /tʂ/ , /tɕ/
ч
/tʂʰ/ , /tɕʰ/ /tʂʰ/ ([tʂʰ] , [tçʰ] )[ 1] [ 2] /tʂˣ/ , /tɕˣ/ /tʂʰ/ , /tɕʰ/
ш
/ʂ/ /ʂ/ [ 2] /ʂ/ /ʂ/
щ
/ɕ/ /ʂ/ [ 2] [ç] )/ɕ/ /ɕ/
ж
/ʐ/ /ʐ/ [ 2] /ʐ/ /ʐ/
й
/ʝ/ /i̯/ /ʝ/ -
г
/k/ /k/ /k/ /k/
к
/kʰ/ /kʰ/ [ 1] /kˣ/ /kʰ/ [ 1]
ң
/ŋ/ /ŋ/ /ŋ/ /ŋ/
х
/x/ /x/ /x/ /x/
Dungan
Wikipedia
RK (1967)
Salmi (2007)
Lin (2007)
ы
/ɨː/ /ɨ/ /ɨ/ [ 3] /z̩/ , /ʐ̩/ [ 4]
и
/iː/ /i/ /i/ /i/
ў
/uː/ /ŭ/ [ 5] /u/ /u/
ү
/yː/ /y/ /y/ /y/
а
/aː/ /a/ /a/ /a/
я
/ia/ (/jaː/ )/ia/ /ia/ /ia/
уа
/ua/ /ua/ /ua/ /ua/
ә
/ɤː/ /ə/ [ 6] /ɤ/ /ə/
е
/iə/ (/jəː/ )/ie/ /iɛ/ /iə/
уә
/uɤ/ /uə/ /uɤ/ /uə/
үә
/yɤ/ /yə/ /yɤ/ /yə/
э
/ɛː/ /ɛ/ /ɛ/ /ɛ/
уэ
/uɛ/ /uɛ/ /uɛi/ /uɛ/
о
/ɔː/ /o/ /ɔ/ /ɔ/
ё
/iɔː/ (/jiɔː/ )/iɔ/ /iou/ /iɔ/
уэй
/uɛi/ -[ 7]
-
/uɛi/
ый
/ɨi/ /ɨi̯/ /ɨi/ /ei/
уй
/uei/ /ui̯/ /ui/ /uei/
у
/ʊ/ /u/ /ʊ/ [ 8] /ou/
ю
/iou/ (/jou/ )/iu/ /iu/ /iou/
ан
/æ̃ ~ æn/ /an/ /æ̃ ~ æn/ /æ̃/
ян
/iæ̃ ~ iæn/ (/jæ̃ ~ jæn/ )/i̯an/ /iæ̃ ~ iæn/ /iæ̃/
уан
/uæ̃ ~ uæn/ /uan/ /uæ̃ ~ uæn/ /uæ̃/
үан
/yæ̃ ~ yæn/ /yan/ /yæ̃ ~ yæn/ /yæ̃/
он
/ɔ̃ ~ ɔn/ /oŋ/ /ɔ̃ ~ ɔn/ /ɑŋ/
ён
/iɔ̃ ~ iɔn/ (/jɔ̃ ~ jɔn/ )/iɔŋ/ /iɔ̃ ~ iɔn/ /iɑŋ/
уон
/uɔn/ /uoŋ/ /uɔ̃ ~ uɔn/ /uɑŋ/
ын
/ə̃ ~ ən/ /ɨŋ/ /ə̃ ~ ən/ /əŋ/
ин
/ĩ ~ in/ /iŋ/ /ĩ ~ in/ /iŋ/
ун
/un/ /uŋ/ /ũ ~ un/ /uŋ/
үн
/yŋ/ /yŋ/ /ỹ ~ yn/ /yŋ/
эр
/əɻ/ /ɛr/ [ 9] /əɹ/ [ 10] /ɛr/ [ 11]
[ edit ] If the 韻腹 or 韻尾 is /a/ , /ɔ/ , /ɛ/ , /ə/ , /u/ , then just insert /ɻ/ at the end.
If the coda is a nasal, the nasal is deleted. If the main vowel is open, then just insert /ɻ/ at the end; if the main vowel is high/close,[ 12] /əɻ/ at the end.
For /i/ , /y/ , insert /əɻ/ at the end.
For /z̩/ , /ʐ̩/ , the vowel is replaced with /əɻ/ .
Tone
Wikipedia
RK (1967)
Salmi (2007)
Lin (2007)
I
1/2 (/˨˦/ )
I
1/2 (/˩˧/ , [˩˧˩] )
平 (/˨˦/ )
II
3 (/˥˩/ )
II
3 (/˥˩/ )
上 (/˥˩/ )
III
4 (/˦˦/ )
III
4 (/˦˦˩/ )
去 (/˦˦/ )
[ 13] [ edit ]
Tone of 1st syllable ＼ Tone of 2nd syllable Ia (/˩˧/ )
Ib (/˩˧/ )
II (/˥˩/ )
III (/˦˦˩/ )
0 (/꜊/ )
Ia (/˩˧/ )
[˩˧ ˩˧] [˩˩ ˩˧] [˩˩ ˥˩] [˩˩ ˦˦] [˩˩ ˩˧]
Ib (/˩˧/ )
[˩˧ ˩˧] [˩˧ ˥˩] [˩˧ ˦˦] [˩˧ ˥˩]
II (/˥˩/ )
[˥˩ ˨˦] [˥˩ ˥˩] [˥˩ ˦˦] [˥˩ ꜊]
III (/˦˦˩/ )
[˦˦ ˨˦] [˦˦ ˥˩] [˦˦ ˦˦] [˦˦ ꜊]
[ edit ]
Tone of 1st syllable ＼ Tone of 2nd syllable I (/˨˦/ )
II (/˥˩/ )
III (/˦˦/ )
0 (/꜊/ )
Ia (/˨˦/ )
[˩˨ ˨˦] [˩˨ ˥˩] [˩˨ ˦˦] [˩˨ ˨˦]
Ib (/˨˦/ )
[˨˦ ˨˦] [˨˦ ˥˩] [˨˦ ˦˦] [˨˦ ˥˩]
II (/˥˩/ )
[˥˩ ˨˦] [˧˨ ˥˩] [˥˩ ˦˦] [˥˩ ꜊]
III (/˦˦/ )
[˦˦ ˨˦] [˦˦ ˥˩] [˦˦ ˦˦] [˦˦ ꜊]
[ edit ]
Tone of reduplicated syllable
Realized tone
Ia (/˨˦/ )
[˩˨ ˨˦ ꜊]
Ib (/˨˦/ )
[˨˦ ˥˩ ꜊]
II (/˥˩/ )
[˥˩ ˩˨ ꜊]
III (/˦˦/ )
[˦˦ ˩˨ ꜊]
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 In the source, aspiration is represented with an apostrophe.
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Written with a cedilla instead of a hook.
^ It is "retroflex or alveolar depending on the previous consonant. It is the vowel in Chinese si and shi ."
^ Written as /ɿ/ and /ʅ/ .
^ Lower-high back unrounded vowel.
^ /əi/ is also listed as a pronunciation. ^ Seems to be equivalent to ўй /ŭi̯/
^ Pronounced as /ou/ in Aleksandrovka in Chuy Valley.
^ /r/ is "the curious velar retroflex ṛ ". ^ Pronounced as /ɯ/ in Aleksandrovka.
^ /r/ is not trilled. ^ A little ambiguous, but it seems like only /i/ , /y/ apply.
^ Inferred from table 3 and the notes under.
Lin, Tao (2007). Dongganyu Lungao (东干语论稿 ). Yinchuan: Ningxia People's Publishing House.
Lin, Tao (2012). Dongganyu Diaocha Yanjiu (东干语调查研究 ). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.
[RK] Rimsky-Korsakoff, Svetlana (1967). Soviet Dungan: The Chinese Language of Central Asia – Alphabet, Phonology, Morphology. Monumenta Serica 26: 352-421.
Salmi, Olli (2007). Central Asian Dungan as a Chinese Dialect .
