User:BoxGirder/Phonology

Akkadian

Consonants

Akkadian consonant phonemes

		bilabial	alveolar		postalveolar	palatal	velar	uvular	glottal
nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩
plosive, affricate	voiceless	p ⟨p⟩	t ⟨t⟩	t͡s ⟨s⟩			k ⟨k⟩		ʔ ⟨ʾ⟩
	emphatic		tʼ ⟨ṭ⟩	t͡sʼ ⟨ṣ⟩			kʼ ⟨q⟩
	voiced	b ⟨b⟩	d ⟨d⟩	d͡z ⟨z⟩			ɡ ⟨g⟩
fricative					ʃ ⟨š⟩		x ⟨ḫ⟩
approximant		w ⟨w⟩	l ⟨l⟩			j ⟨y⟩
trill								ʀ ⟨r⟩

Vowels

Akkadian short vowel phonemes

	front	back
close	i ⟨i⟩	u ⟨u⟩
close-mid	e ⟨e⟩
open	a ⟨a⟩

Akkadian long vowel phonemes

	front	back
close	iː ⟨ī⟩	uː ⟨ū⟩
close-mid	eː ⟨ē⟩
open	aː ⟨ā⟩

Arabic

Consonants

Old Arabic consonant phonemes

		bilabial	dental	alveolar		palatal	velar	pharyngeal	glottal
				central	lateral
nasal		m ⟨م⟩		n ⟨ں⟩
plosive	voiceless	p ⟨ڡ⟩		t ⟨ٮ⟩			k ⟨ک⟩		ʔ ⟨ا⟩
	emphatic			tˤ ⟨ط⟩			kˤ ⟨ٯ⟩
	voiced	b ⟨ٮ⟩		d ⟨د⟩			ɡ ⟨ح⟩
fricative	voiceless		θ ⟨ٮ⟩	s ⟨س⟩	ɬ ⟨س⟩		x ⟨ح⟩	ħ ⟨ح⟩	h ⟨ﻫ⟩
	emphatic		θˤ ⟨ط⟩	sˤ ⟨ص⟩	ɬˤ ⟨ص⟩
	voiced		ð ⟨د⟩	z ⟨ر⟩			ɣ ⟨ع⟩	ʕ ⟨ع⟩
approximant		w ⟨و⟩			l ⟨ل⟩	j ⟨ى⟩
trill				r ⟨ر⟩

Vowels

Old Arabic short vowel phonemes

	front	back
close-mid	e	o
open	a

Old Arabic long vowel phonemes

	front	back
close	iː	uː
open	aː

Aymara

Consonants

Aymara consonant phonemes

		bilabial	alveolar	postalveolar	palatal	velar	uvular	glottal
nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩		ɲ ⟨ñ⟩
plosive, affricate	tenuis	p ⟨p⟩	t ⟨t⟩	t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩		k ⟨k⟩	q ⟨q⟩
	aspirated	pʰ ⟨ph⟩	tʰ ⟨th⟩	t͡ʃʰ ⟨chh⟩		kʰ ⟨kh⟩	qʰ ⟨qh⟩
	ejective	pʼ ⟨p'⟩	tʼ ⟨t'⟩	t͡ʃʼ ⟨ch'⟩		kʼ ⟨k'⟩	qʼ ⟨q'⟩
fricative			s ⟨s⟩				χ ⟨x⟩	h ⟨j⟩
approximant	central	w ⟨w⟩			j ⟨y⟩
	lateral		l ⟨l⟩		ʎ ⟨ll⟩
tap			ɾ ⟨r⟩

Vowels

Aymara short vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
close	i ⟨i⟩		u ⟨u⟩
open		ä ⟨a⟩

Aymara long vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
close	iː ⟨ï⟩		uː ⟨ü⟩
open		äː ⟨ä⟩

Chinese

Consonants

Standard Chinese consonant phonemes

		bilabial	labiodental	alveolar		retroflex	velar
nasal		m		n			ŋ
plosive, affricate	plain	p		t	t͡s	ʈ͡ʂ	k
	aspirated	pʰ		tʰ	t͡sʰ	ʈ͡ʂʰ	kʰ
fricative			f	s		ʂ	x
approximant				l		ɻ

Vowels

Standard Chinese vowel phonemes

	front		central	back
	unrounded	rounded
close	i	y		u
mid			ə
open			ä

Tones

Standard Chinese tone phonemes

level	˥
contour	˧˥	˨˩˦	˥˩

Egyptian

Consonants

Old Egyptian consonant phonemes

		bilabial	dental	alveolar	postalveolar	palatal	velar	pharyngeal	glottal
nasal		m ⟨m⟩		n ⟨n⟩
plosive, affricate	voiceless	p ⟨p⟩		t ⟨t⟩	t͡ʃ ⟨ṯ⟩		k ⟨k⟩
	ejective			tʼ ⟨d⟩	t͡ʃʼ ⟨ḏ⟩	cʼ ⟨g⟩	kʼ ⟨q⟩
	voiced	b ⟨b⟩
fricative		ɸ ⟨f⟩	θ ⟨z⟩	s ⟨s⟩		ç ⟨ḫ⟩	x ⟨š⟩	ħ ⟨ḥ⟩	h ⟨h⟩
approximant				l ⟨ꜣ⟩		j ⟨j⟩	w ⟨w⟩	ʕ ⟨ꜥ⟩
tap				ɾ ⟨r⟩

Middle Egyptian consonant phonemes

		bilabial	alveolar	postalveolar	palatal	velar	pharyngeal	glottal
nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩
plosive, affricate	voiceless	p ⟨p⟩	t ⟨t⟩	t͡ʃ ⟨ṯ⟩		k ⟨k⟩
	ejective		tʼ ⟨d⟩	t͡ʃʼ ⟨ḏ⟩	cʼ ⟨g⟩	kʼ ⟨q⟩
	voiced	b ⟨b⟩
fricative		ɸ ⟨f⟩	s ⟨z s⟩	ʃ ⟨š⟩		x ⟨ḫ ẖ⟩	ħ ⟨ḥ⟩	h ⟨h⟩
approximant			l ⟨ꜣ⟩		j ⟨y⟩	w ⟨w⟩	ʕ ⟨ꜥ⟩
tap			ɾ ⟨r⟩

Late Egyptian and Demotic consonant phonemes

		bilabial	alveolar	postalveolar	palatal	velar	pharyngeal	glottal
nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩
plosive, affricate	voiceless	p ⟨p⟩	t ⟨t ṱ⟩	t͡ʃ ⟨ḏ ṯ⟩	c ⟨g k⟩	k ⟨q k⟩
	ejective		tʼ ⟨t⟩	t͡ʃʼ ⟨ḏ⟩	cʼ ⟨g⟩	kʼ ⟨q⟩
fricative		ɸ ⟨f⟩	s ⟨s⟩	ʃ ⟨š⟩	ç ⟨ḫ h̭⟩	x ⟨ẖ⟩	ħ ⟨ḥ⟩	h ⟨h⟩
approximant		β ⟨b⟩	l ⟨l⟩		j ⟨y⟩	w ⟨w⟩	ʕ ⟨ꜥ⟩
tap			ɾ ⟨r⟩

Coptic consonant phonemes

		bilabial	alveolar	postalveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
nasal		m ⟨ⲙ⟩	n ⟨ⲛ⟩
plosive, affricate	voiceless	p ⟨ⲡ ⲫ⟩	t ⟨ⲧ ⲑ⟩	t͡ʃ ⟨ϫ ϭ⟩	c ⟨ϭ⟩	k ⟨ⲕ ⲭ⟩
	ejective		tʼ ⟨ⲧ⟩	t͡ʃʼ ⟨ϫ⟩		kʼ ⟨ⲕ⟩
fricative		ɸ ⟨ϥ⟩	s ⟨ⲥ⟩	ʃ ⟨ϣ⟩		x ⟨ϧ ⳉ⟩	h ⟨ϩ⟩
approximant		β ⟨ⲃ⟩	l ⟨ⲗ⟩		j ⟨ⲉⲓ⟩	w ⟨ⲟⲩ⟩
tap			ɾ ⟨ⲣ⟩

Late Coptic consonant phonemes

		bilabial	labiodental	alveolar	postalveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
nasal		m ⟨ⲙ⟩		n ⟨ⲛ⟩
plosive, affricate	voiceless			t ⟨ⲑ⟩			k ⟨ⲕ ⲭ⟩
	voiced	b ⟨ⲡ ⲫ⟩		d ⟨ⲧ⟩	d͡ʒ ⟨ϫ⟩
fricative			f ⟨ϥ⟩	s ⟨ⲥ⟩	ʃ ⟨ϣ ϭ⟩		x ⟨ϧ⟩	h ⟨ϩ⟩
approximant				l ⟨ⲗ⟩		j ⟨ⲓ⟩	w ⟨ⲃ ⲟⲩ⟩
trill				r ⟨ⲣ⟩

Vowels

Old and Middle Egyptian vowel phonemes

	front	back
close	i	u
open	a

Late Egyptian vowel phonemes

	front		central	back
	unrounded	rounded
close	i
close-mid	e	ø		o
mid			ə
open	a

Demotic and Coptic vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
close	i ⟨ⲉⲓ⟩		u ⟨ⲟⲩ⟩
close-mid	e ⟨ⲏ⟩		o ⟨ⲱ⟩
mid		ə ⟨ⲉ⟩
open-mid	ɛ ⟨ⲉ⟩		ɔ ⟨ⲟ⟩
open	a ⟨ⲁ⟩

Late Coptic vowel phonemes

	front	back
close	i ⟨ⲏ ⲓ⟩	u ⟨ⲟⲩ⟩
close-mid		o ⟨ⲟ ⲱ⟩
open	a ⟨ⲁ ⲉ ⲏ⟩

English

Consonants

American English consonant phonemes

		bilabial	labiodental	dental	alveolar	postalveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
nasal		m			n			ŋ
plosive, affricate	fortis	p			t	t͡ʃ		k
	lenis	b			d	d͡ʒ		ɡ
fricative	fortis		f	θ	s	ʃ			h
	lenis		v	ð	z	ʒ
approximant		w			l	ɹ	j

Vowels

American English vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
close	i		u
near-close	ɪ		ʊ
close-mid	e
mid		ə	o̞
open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
near-open	æ	ɐ
open		ä

Georgian

Consonants

Standard Georgian consonant phonemes

		bilabial	labiodental	dental	alveolar	postalveolar	velar	uvular	glottal
nasal		m ⟨მ⟩			n ⟨ნ⟩
plosive, affricate	aspirated	pʰ ⟨ფ⟩		tʰ ⟨თ⟩	t͡sʰ ⟨ც⟩	t͡ʃʰ ⟨ჩ⟩	kʰ ⟨ქ⟩
	ejective	pʼ ⟨პ⟩		tʼ ⟨ტ⟩	t͡sʼ ⟨წ⟩	t͡ʃʼ ⟨ჭ⟩	kʼ ⟨კ⟩	qʼ ⟨ყ⟩
	voiced	b ⟨ბ⟩		d ⟨დ⟩	d͡z ⟨ძ⟩	d͡ʒ ⟨ჯ⟩	ɡ ⟨გ⟩
fricative	voiceless				s ⟨ს⟩	ʃ ⟨შ⟩	x ⟨ხ⟩		h ⟨ჰ⟩
	voiced		v ⟨ვ⟩		z ⟨ზ⟩	ʒ ⟨ჟ⟩	ɣ ⟨ღ⟩
approximant					l ⟨ლ⟩
tap					ɾ ⟨რ⟩

Vowels

Standard Georgian vowel phonemes

	front	back
close	i ⟨ი⟩	u ⟨უ⟩
open-mid	ɛ ⟨ე⟩	ɔ ⟨ო⟩
open		ɑ ⟨ა⟩

Greek

Consonants

Attic Greek consonant phonemes

		bilabial	dental	alveolar	velar	glottal
nasal		m ⟨Μ⟩		n ⟨Ν⟩
plosive	tenuis	p ⟨Π⟩	t ⟨Τ⟩		k ⟨Κ⟩
	aspirated	pʰ ⟨Φ⟩	tʰ ⟨Θ⟩		kʰ ⟨Χ⟩
	voiced	b ⟨Β⟩	d ⟨Δ⟩		ɡ ⟨Γ⟩
fricative				s ⟨Σ⟩		h
approximant				l ⟨Λ⟩
trill				r ⟨Ρ⟩

Vowels

Attic Greek short vowel phonemes

	front		back
	unrounded	rounded
close	i ⟨Ι⟩	y ⟨Υ⟩
close-mid	e ⟨Ε⟩		o ⟨Ο⟩
open	a ⟨Α⟩

Attic Greek long vowel phonemes

	front		back
	unrounded	rounded
close	iː ⟨Ι⟩	yː ⟨Υ⟩
close-mid	eː ⟨ΕΙ⟩		oː ⟨ΟΥ⟩
open-mid	ɛː ⟨Η⟩		ɔː ⟨Ω⟩
open	aː ⟨Α⟩

Hawaiian

Consonants

Hawaiian consonant phonemes

		bilabial	labiodental	alveolar	velar	glottal
nasal		m ⟨m⟩		n ⟨n⟩
plosive		p ⟨p⟩			k ⟨k⟩	ʔ ⟨ʻ⟩
fricative						h ⟨h⟩
approximant			ʋ ⟨w⟩	l ⟨l⟩

Vowels

Hawaiian short vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
close	i ⟨i⟩		u ⟨u⟩
mid			o̞ ⟨o⟩
open-mid	ɛ ⟨e⟩
near-open		ɐ ⟨a⟩

Hawaiian long vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
close	iː ⟨ī⟩		uː ⟨ū⟩
mid	e̞ː ⟨ē⟩		o̞ː ⟨ō⟩
open		äː ⟨ā⟩

Hebrew

Consonants

Biblical Hebrew consonant phonemes

		bilabial	alveolar		postalveolar	palatal	velar	pharyngeal	glottal
			central	lateral
nasal		m ⟨𐤌⟩	n ⟨𐤍⟩
plosive	voiceless	p ⟨𐤐⟩	t ⟨𐤕⟩				k ⟨𐤊⟩		ʔ ⟨𐤀⟩
	emphatic		tˤ ⟨𐤈⟩				kˤ ⟨𐤒⟩
	voiced	b ⟨𐤁⟩	d ⟨𐤃⟩				ɡ ⟨𐤂⟩
fricative	voiceless		s ⟨𐤎⟩	ɬ ⟨𐤔⟩	ʃ ⟨𐤔⟩		x ⟨𐤇⟩	ħ ⟨𐤇⟩	h ⟨𐤄⟩
	emphatic		sˤ ⟨𐤑⟩
	voiced		z ⟨𐤆⟩				ɣ ⟨𐤏⟩	ʕ ⟨𐤏⟩
approximant		w ⟨𐤅⟩		l ⟨𐤋⟩		j ⟨𐤉⟩
trill			r ⟨𐤓⟩

Vowels

Biblical Hebrew short vowel phonemes

	front	back
close	i	u
open	a

Biblical Hebrew long vowel phonemes

	front	back
close	iː	uː
close-mid	eː	oː
open	aː

Japanese

Consonants

Japanese consonant phonemes

		bilabial	alveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
nasal		m	n
plosive	voiceless	p	t		k
	voiced	b	d		ɡ
fricative	voiceless		s			h
	voiced		z
approximant		w		j
liquid			ɾ

Japanese archiphonemes

nasal	ɴ
geminate	ꞯ

Vowels

Japanese short vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
close	i		ɯᵝ
mid	e̞		o̞
open		ä

Japanese long vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
close	iː		ɯᵝː
mid	e̞ː		o̞ː
open		äː

Kʼicheʼ

Consonants

Kʼicheʼ consonant phonemes

		bilabial	alveolar		postalveolar	palatal	velar	uvular	glottal
nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩
plosive, affricate	plain	p ⟨p⟩	t ⟨t⟩	t͡s ⟨tz⟩	t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩		k ⟨k⟩	q ⟨q⟩	ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩
	glottalic	ɓ ⟨bʼ⟩	tʼ ⟨tʼ⟩	t͡sʼ ⟨tzʼ⟩	t͡ʃʼ ⟨chʼ⟩		kʼ ⟨kʼ⟩	qʼ ⟨qʼ⟩
fricative			s ⟨s⟩		ʃ ⟨x⟩			χ ⟨j⟩	h ⟨h⟩
approximant		w ⟨w⟩	l ⟨l⟩			j ⟨y⟩
trill			r ⟨r⟩

Vowels

Kʼicheʼ short vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
close	i ⟨i⟩		u ⟨u⟩
mid	e̞ ⟨e⟩	ə ⟨a⟩	o̞ ⟨o⟩
open		ä ⟨a⟩

Kʼicheʼ long vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
close	iː ⟨i⟩		uː ⟨u⟩
mid	e̞ː ⟨e⟩		o̞ː ⟨o⟩
open		äː ⟨a⟩

Korean

Consonants

Middle Korean consonant phonemes

		bilabial	alveolar		palatal	velar	glottal
nasal		m ⟨ㅁ⟩	n ⟨ㄴ⟩			ŋ ⟨ㆁ⟩
plosive, affricate	plain	p ⟨ㅂ⟩	t ⟨ㄷ⟩	t͡s ⟨ㅈ⟩		k ⟨ㄱ⟩
	aspirated	pʰ ⟨ㅍ⟩	tʰ ⟨ㅌ⟩	t͡sʰ ⟨ㅊ⟩		kʰ ⟨ㅋ⟩
fricative	plain		s ⟨ㅅ⟩				h ⟨ㅎ⟩
	tense		s͈ ⟨ㅆ⟩				h͈ ⟨ㆅ⟩
	voiced	β ⟨ㅸ⟩	z ⟨ㅿ⟩			ɣ ⟨ㅇ⟩
approximant		w			j
liquid			ɾ ⟨ㄹ⟩

Korean consonant phonemes

		bilabial	alveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
nasal		m ⟨ㅁ⟩	n ⟨ㄴ⟩		ŋ ⟨ㅇ⟩
plosive, affricate	plain	p ⟨ㅂ⟩	t ⟨ㄷ⟩	t͡ɕ ⟨ㅈ⟩	k ⟨ㄱ⟩
	tense	p͈ ⟨ㅃ⟩	t͈ ⟨ㄸ⟩	t͡ɕ͈ ⟨ㅉ⟩	k͈ ⟨ㄲ⟩
	aspirated	pʰ ⟨ㅍ⟩	tʰ ⟨ㅌ⟩	t͡ɕʰ ⟨ㅊ⟩	kʰ ⟨ㅋ⟩
fricative	plain		s ⟨ㅅ⟩			h ⟨ㅎ⟩
	tense		s͈ ⟨ㅆ⟩
approximant		w		j	ɰ
liquid			ɾ ⟨ㄹ⟩

Vowels

Middle Korean vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
			unrounded	rounded
close	i ⟨ㅣ⟩	ɨ ⟨ㅡ⟩		u ⟨ㅜ⟩
close-mid		ɘ ⟨ㅓ⟩		o ⟨ㅗ⟩
open-mid			ʌ ⟨ㆍ⟩
near-open		ɐ ⟨ㅏ⟩

Korean short vowel phonemes

	front		central	back
	unrounded	rounded		unrounded	rounded
close	i ⟨ㅣ⟩	y ⟨ㅟ⟩		ɯ ⟨ㅡ⟩	u ⟨ㅜ⟩
close-mid	e ⟨ㅔ⟩	ø ⟨ㅚ⟩			o ⟨ㅗ⟩
open-mid	ɛ ⟨ㅐ⟩			ʌ ⟨ㅓ⟩
near-open			ɐ ⟨ㅏ⟩

Korean long vowel phonemes

	front		central	back
	unrounded	rounded		unrounded	rounded
close	iː ⟨ㅣ⟩	yː ⟨ㅟ⟩		ɯː ⟨ㅡ⟩	uː ⟨ㅜ⟩
close-mid	eː ⟨ㅔ⟩	øː ⟨ㅚ⟩	ɘː ⟨ㅓ⟩		oː ⟨ㅗ⟩
open-mid	ɛː ⟨ㅐ⟩
near-open			ɐː ⟨ㅏ⟩

Tones

Middle Korean tone phonemes

level	́ ⟨〮⟩	̀
contour	̌ ⟨〯⟩

Latin

Consonants

Classical Latin consonant phonemes

		bilabial	labiodental	dental	alveolar	palatal	velar		glottal
							plain	labialized
nasal		m ⟨M⟩			n ⟨N⟩
plosive	voiceless	p ⟨P⟩		t ⟨T⟩			k ⟨C K⟩	kʷ ⟨QV⟩
	voiced	b ⟨B⟩		d ⟨D⟩			ɡ ⟨G⟩	ɡʷ ⟨GV⟩
fricative			f ⟨F⟩		s ⟨S⟩				h ⟨H⟩
approximant					l ⟨L⟩	j ⟨I⟩		w ⟨V⟩
trill					r ⟨R⟩

Vowels

Classical Latin short vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
near-close	ɪ ⟨I⟩		ʊ ⟨V⟩
open-mid	ɛ ⟨E⟩		ɔ ⟨O⟩
open		ä ⟨A⟩

Classical Latin long vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
close	iː ⟨Í⟩		uː ⟨V́⟩
close-mid	eː ⟨É⟩		oː ⟨Ó⟩
open		äː ⟨Á⟩

Maltese

Consonants

Maltese consonant phonemes

		bilabial	labiodental	dental	alveolar	postalveolar	palatal	velar	pharyngeal	glottal
nasal		m ⟨m⟩			n ⟨n⟩
plosive, affricate	voiceless	p ⟨p⟩		t ⟨t⟩	t͡s ⟨z⟩	t͡ʃ ⟨ċ⟩		k ⟨k⟩		ʔ ⟨q⟩
	voiced	b ⟨b⟩		d ⟨d⟩		d͡ʒ ⟨ġ⟩		ɡ ⟨g⟩
fricative	voiceless		f ⟨f⟩		s ⟨s⟩	ʃ ⟨x⟩			ħ ⟨ħ⟩
	voiced		v ⟨v⟩		z ⟨ż⟩
approximant		w ⟨w⟩			l ⟨l⟩		j ⟨j⟩
trill					r ⟨r⟩

Vowels

Maltese short vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
near-close	ɪ ⟨i⟩		ʊ ⟨u⟩
open-mid	ɛ ⟨e⟩		ɔ ⟨o⟩
near-open		ɐ ⟨a⟩

Maltese long vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
close	iː ⟨i⟩		uː ⟨u⟩
near-close	ɪː ⟨ie⟩
open-mid	ɛː ⟨e⟩		ɔː ⟨o⟩
near-open		ɐː ⟨a⟩

Māori

Consonants

Māori consonant phonemes

		bilabial	alveolar	velar	glottal
nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩	ŋ ⟨ng⟩
plosive		p ⟨p⟩	t ⟨t⟩	k ⟨k⟩
fricative		ɸ ⟨wh⟩			h ⟨h⟩
approximant		w ⟨w⟩
tap			ɾ ⟨r⟩

Vowels

Māori short vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
close	i ⟨i⟩		u ⟨u⟩
open-mid	ɛ ⟨e⟩		ɔ ⟨o⟩
near-open		ɐ ⟨a⟩

Māori long vowel phonemes

	front	back
		unrounded	rounded
close	iː ⟨ī⟩		uː ⟨ū⟩
close-mid	eː ⟨ē⟩		oː ⟨ō⟩
open		ɑː ⟨ā⟩

Nahuatl

Consonants

Classical Nahuatl consonant phonemes

	bilabial	alveolar		postalveolar	palatal	velar		glottal
		central	lateral			plain	labialized
nasal	m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩
plosive	p ⟨p⟩	t ⟨t⟩				k ⟨c qu⟩	kʷ ⟨cu uc⟩	ʔ ⟨h⟩
affricate		t͡s ⟨tz⟩	t͡ɬ ⟨tl⟩	t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩
fricative		s ⟨c z⟩		ʃ ⟨x⟩
approximant			l ⟨l⟩		j ⟨y⟩		w ⟨hu uh⟩

Vowels

Classical Nahuatl short vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
close	i ⟨i⟩
mid	e̞ ⟨e⟩		o̞ ⟨o⟩
open		ä ⟨a⟩

Classical Nahuatl long vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
close	iː ⟨ī⟩
mid	e̞ː ⟨ē⟩		o̞ː ⟨ō⟩
open		äː ⟨ā⟩

Phoenician

Consonants

Phoenician consonant phonemes

		bilabial	alveolar		postalveolar	palatal	velar	pharyngeal	glottal
nasal		m ⟨𐤌⟩	n ⟨𐤍⟩
plosive, affricate	voiceless	p ⟨𐤐⟩	t ⟨𐤕⟩	t͡s ⟨𐤎⟩			k ⟨𐤊⟩		ʔ ⟨𐤀⟩
	emphatic		tˤ ⟨𐤈⟩	t͡sˤ ⟨𐤑⟩			kˤ ⟨𐤒⟩
	voiced	b ⟨𐤁⟩	d ⟨𐤃⟩	d͡z ⟨𐤆⟩			ɡ ⟨𐤂⟩
fricative					ʃ ⟨𐤔⟩			ħ ⟨𐤇⟩	h ⟨𐤄⟩
approximant		w ⟨𐤅⟩	l ⟨𐤋⟩			j ⟨𐤉⟩		ʕ ⟨𐤏⟩
trill			r ⟨𐤓⟩

Vowels

Phoenician short vowel phonemes

	front	back
close	i	u
open	a

Phoenician long vowel phonemes

	front	back
close	iː	uː
close-mid	eː	oː
open	aː

Sumerian

Consonants

Sumerian consonant phonemes

		bilabial	alveolar		postalveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩				ŋ ⟨ĝ⟩
plosive, affricate	plain	p ⟨b⟩	t ⟨d⟩	t͡s ⟨z⟩			k ⟨g⟩	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ ⟨p⟩	tʰ ⟨t⟩	t͡sʰ ⟨ř⟩			kʰ ⟨k⟩
fricative			s ⟨s⟩		ʃ ⟨š⟩		x ⟨ḫ⟩	h
approximant			l ⟨l⟩			j
tap			ɾ ⟨r⟩

Vowels

Sumerian short vowel phonemes

	front	back
close	i ⟨i⟩	u ⟨u⟩
open-mid	ɛ ⟨e⟩
open	a ⟨a⟩

Sumerian long vowel phonemes

	front	back
close	iː ⟨ī⟩	uː ⟨ū⟩
open-mid	ɛː ⟨ē⟩
open	aː ⟨ā⟩

Tagalog

Consonants

Old Tagalog consonant phonemes

		bilabial	alveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
nasal		m ⟨ᜋ⟩	n ⟨ᜈ⟩		ŋ ⟨ᜅ⟩
plosive	voiceless	p ⟨ᜉ⟩	t ⟨ᜆ⟩		k ⟨ᜃ⟩	ʔ
	voiced	b ⟨ᜊ⟩	d ⟨ᜇ⟩		ɡ ⟨ᜄ⟩
fricative			s ⟨ᜐ⟩			h ⟨ᜑ⟩
approximant		w ⟨ᜏ⟩	l ⟨ᜎ⟩	j ⟨ᜌ⟩

Tagalog consonant phonemes

		bilabial	alveolar	postalveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩			ŋ ⟨ng⟩
plosive, affricate	voiceless	p ⟨p⟩	t ⟨t⟩	t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩		k ⟨k⟩	ʔ
	voiced	b ⟨b⟩	d ⟨d⟩	d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩		ɡ ⟨g⟩
fricative			s ⟨s⟩	ʃ ⟨sh⟩			h ⟨h⟩
approximant		w ⟨w⟩	l ⟨l⟩		j ⟨y⟩
rhotic			ɾ ⟨r⟩

Vowels

Old Tagalog vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
close	i		u
open		ä

Tagalog vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
close	i ⟨i⟩		u ⟨u⟩
mid	e̞ ⟨e⟩		o̞ ⟨o⟩
open		ä ⟨a⟩

Thai

Consonants

Thai consonant phonemes

		bilabial	labiodental	alveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
nasal		m		n		ŋ
plosive, affricate	tenuis	p		t	t͡ɕ	k	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ		tʰ	t͡ɕʰ	kʰ
	voiced	b		d
fricative			f	s			h
approximant		w		l	j
trill				r

Vowels

Thai short vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
			unrounded	rounded
close	i		ɯ	u
mid	e̞		ɤ̞	o̞
near-open	æ			ɔ̞
open		ä

Thai long vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
			unrounded	rounded
close	iː		ɯː	uː
mid	e̞		ɤ̞ː	o̞ː
near-open	æː			ɔ̞ː
open		äː

Tones

Thai tone phonemes

level	˧
contour	˨˩	˥˩	˦˥	˨˦

Ugaritic

Consonants

Ugaritic consonant phonemes

		bilabial	dental	alveolar	postalveolar	palatal	velar	pharyngeal	glottal
nasal		m ⟨𐎎⟩		n ⟨𐎐⟩
plosive	voiceless	p ⟨𐎔⟩		t ⟨𐎚⟩			k ⟨𐎋⟩		ʔ
	emphatic			tˤ ⟨𐎉⟩			kˤ ⟨𐎖⟩
	voiced	b ⟨𐎁⟩		d ⟨𐎄⟩			ɡ ⟨𐎂⟩
fricative	voiceless		θ ⟨𐎘⟩	s ⟨𐎒⟩	ʃ ⟨𐎌⟩		x ⟨𐎃⟩	ħ ⟨𐎈⟩	h ⟨𐎅⟩
	emphatic		θˤ ⟨𐎑⟩	sˤ ⟨𐎕⟩
	voiced		ð ⟨𐎏⟩	z ⟨𐎇⟩			ɣ ⟨𐎙⟩	ʕ ⟨𐎓⟩
approximant		w ⟨𐎆⟩		l ⟨𐎍⟩		j ⟨𐎊⟩
trill				r ⟨𐎗⟩

Vowels

Ugaritic short vowel phonemes

	front	back
close	i	u
open	a

Ugaritic long vowel phonemes

	front	back
close	iː	uː
close-mid	eː	oː
open	aː

Yoruba

Consonants

Yoruba consonant phonemes

		bilabial	labiodental	alveolar	postalveolar	palatal	velar		glottal
							plain	labial
nasal		m ⟨m⟩					ŋ ⟨n⟩
plosive, affricate	voiceless			t ⟨t⟩			k ⟨k⟩	k͡p ⟨p⟩
	voiced	b ⟨b⟩		d ⟨d⟩	d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩		ɡ ⟨g⟩	ɡ͡b ⟨gb⟩
fricative			f ⟨f⟩	s ⟨s⟩	ʃ ⟨ṣ⟩				h ⟨h⟩
approximant				l ⟨l n⟩		j ⟨y⟩		w ⟨w⟩
tap				ɾ ⟨r⟩

Vowels

Yoruba oral vowel phonemes

	front	central	back
close	i ⟨i⟩		u ⟨u⟩
close-mid	e ⟨e⟩		o ⟨o⟩
open-mid	ɛ ⟨ẹ⟩		ɔ ⟨ọ⟩
open		ä ⟨a⟩

Yoruba nasal vowel phonemes

	front	back
close	ĩ ⟨in⟩	ũ ⟨un⟩
open-mid	ɛ̃ ⟨ẹn⟩	ɔ̃ ⟨ọn⟩

Tones

Yoruba tone phonemes

level	́ ⟨́⟩	̄	̀ ⟨̀⟩

References

Arabic

• Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2022) An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions (online pre-print version), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN

Chinese

• Lin, Yen-Hwei (2007) The Sounds of Chinese, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN

Egyptian

• Worrell, William H. (1937) “Popular Traditions of the Coptic Language”, in The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures‎^[1], volume 54, number 1/4, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pages 1–11
• Crum, Walter E. (1939) A Coptic Dictionary‎^[2], Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN
• Isḥāḳ, Emile Māher (1975) The phonetics and phonology of the Boḥairic dialect of Coptic and the survival of Coptic words in the colloquial and Classical Arabic of Egypt and of Coptic grammatical constructions in colloquial Egyptian Arabic (doctoral thesis), Oxford: University of Oxford
• Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
• Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN
• Atiya, Aziz Suryal, editor (1991), The Coptic Encyclopedia‎^[3], New York: Macmillan, →ISBN
• Hoch, James E. (1994) Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, Princeton: Princeton University Press, →ISBN
• Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
• Peust, Carsten (1999) Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎^[4], Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR
• Peust, Carsten (2008) “On Consonant Frequency in Egyptian and Other Languages”, in Lingua Aegyptia‎^[5], volume 16, Hamburg: Widmaier Verlag, pages 105–134
• Allen, James P. (2013) The Ancient Egyptian Language: An Historical Study, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
• Allen, James P. (2020) Ancient Egyptian Phonology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN

Georgian

• Shosted, Ryan K., Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006) “Standard Georgian”, in Journal of the International Phonetic Association‎^[6], volume 36, number 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pages 255–264

Hawaiian

• Elbert, Samuel H., Pukui, Mary Kawena (1979) Hawaiian Grammar, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, →ISBN
• Parker Jones, ʻŌiwi (2018) “Hawaiian”, in Journal of the International Phonetic Association‎^[7], volume 48, number 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pages 103–115

Kʼicheʼ

• Larsen, Thomas W. (1988) Manifestations of Ergativity in Quiché Grammar‎^[8] (doctoral dissertation), Berkeley: University of California

Korean

• Lee, Hyun Bok (1999) “Korean”, in Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet‎^[9], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 120–123
• Lee, Ki-Moon, Ramsey, S. Robert (2011) A History of the Korean Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN

Maltese

• Lucas, Christopher, Čéplö, Slavomír (2020) “Maltese”, in Arabic and contact-induced change‎^[10], Berlin: Language Science Press, →ISBN, pages 265–302

Sumerian

• Jagersma, Bram (2010) A Descriptive Grammar of Sumerian‎^[11] (doctoral thesis)