User:-sche/Gyalrong
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- Pronouns
| English | Situ (see) | Japhug (J1&2) | Tshobdun (J2) | Zbu (J2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg | ŋa (J2, P1&2) | a-ʑo, a- (poss. prefix), -a (verb. affix) |
ɐ-ɟiʔ (also S1), -aŋ (nə-. nɐ-) (verb. affix, S2) |
ŋəʔ |
| 1 du incl. | ndʒo (J2), tʃəɟo (P1&2) |
tɕi-ʑo, tɕi-, -tɕi |
tsə-ɟə-niʔ, -tsə (verb. affix, S2) |
tɕɐ-ɲi |
| 1 du excl. | ŋə-ndʒe (J2), tʃəno (P1&2) |
tsə-ɟə | ||
| 1 pl incl. | jo (J2), jiɟi, jiɟo (P1&2) |
ji-ʑo, ji-, -i |
jə-ɟə-rɐʔ, -jə (verb. affix, S2) |
ŋgɐreʔ |
| 1 pl excl. | ŋə-ɲe (J2), jini, jino (P1&2) |
jə-ɟə | ||
| 2 sg | no (J2), nənɟo (P1&2) |
nɤ-ʑo, nɤ-, tɯ- |
nɐ-ɟiʔ (also S1&2), tə- (verb. affix, S2) |
nəjeʔ |
| 2 du | ndʒo (J2), nənɟondʒ, ndʒənɟo, əɲindʒ (P1&2) |
ndʑi-ʑo, ndʑi-, tɯ-_-ndʑi |
ndzə-ɟə-niʔ (J2), -ⁿdzə (S1), tə-_-ⁿdzə (verb. affix, S2) |
ndʑɐɲi |
| 2 pl | ɲo (J2), nənɟoɲo, nənɟiɲo, ɲinɟo (P1&2) |
nɯ-ʑo, nɯ-, tɯ-_-nɯ |
nə-ɟə-rɐʔ, tə-_-nə (verb. affix, S2) |
ɲɐreʔ |
| 3 sg | wə-jo (J2), wuɟo, -w (in Jiǎomùzú; P1&2), mə (in Suōmò; P1&2) wuna (P2), kərek ("one" P2) jargo ("he/she/it, our friend", P1&2) tʃəʔ, ndə (non-human; P2) |
ɯ-ʑo, ɯ-, _ |
o-ɟiʔ (also S1), _ (verb. affix, S2) |
apheʔ |
| 3 du | wə-jo-ndʒəs (J2), wuɟo-ndʒ, (-)ndʒ(-) (P1&2), mə-ndʒ, other 3 sg + -ndʒ, incl. tʃə-ndʒ |
ʑɤ-ni, ndʑi-, -ndʑi |
ɟɐ-niʔ, -ⁿdzə (verb. affix, S2) |
apheʔɲi ɐpʰéɲi(S3) |
| 3 pl | wə-jo-ɲe (J2), wuɟo-ɲo, (-)jn(-) (P1&2), mə-ɲo (P2), other 3 sg + -ɲo, incl. tʃə-ɲo |
ʑa-ra, nɯ-, -nɯ |
ɟɐ-rɐʔ, -nə (verb. affix, S2) |
aphereʔ |
| 4 sg (generic) | tə-ɟiʔ (S1) (cf. cʰezʔ) |
- Sample phrases / conjugated verbs
| English | Situ (P1/2) | Japhug (J1/2/3) | Tshobdun (S1/2) | Zbu (S3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | ŋa kafe rgaʔ-ŋ "I like coffee" 1sg coffee like-1sg |
a-rte ci tu-βde-a "I (will) throw my one hat up" 1sg-hat one IMPF:upwards-throw-1sg |
ɐɟiʔ _ spo-aŋ "I know how [to] _" 1sg _ know_how-1sg |
|
| present ("give") | ŋa w-əmpʰa-j kʰam(-ŋ) "I give (it) to him" 1sg 3sg:GEN-vicinity-LOC give-1sg (-ŋ is not pron. after m) |
ki ɲɯ-ta-mbi "I give this to you" this IMPF-1→2-give |
||
| present (neg.) | ŋa ma-ʃi-ŋ "I don't know" 1sg not-know-1sg ŋa (ma-)kə-mərtsap ma-rgaʔ-ŋ "I don't like (non-)spicy food" 1sg (not-)NOM-spicy not-like-1sg |
|||
| present (neg. imp.) | mə-nə-tə-vɐr "don't you be afraid" not-IMP-2sg-fear koʔ tɐ́lo mə-jɐ-tɐ-tsomʔ "don't (you) take away this milk" this milk not-IMP-2sg-take |
|||
| past | ŋa na-m(ə)to-ŋ "I saw (him)" 1sg PAST-see-1sg |
pɯ-mtó-t-a "I saw (him/her/it)" PAST-see-PAST-1sg |
||
| middle | tʰɐfke-naŋ qɐ́jwi kɐ-po wɐɟo (S3) "bread is [found] baking inside the hearth" hearth-inside bread MID-bake:PAS be_found |
tʰɐfkê-naŋ qawə̄ kɐ-pə̄ tʰɐ̄-ki "bread is [to be found] baking inside the hearth" hearth-inside bread MID-bake be_found-MED |
- Other words
| English | Situ (P1/2) | Japhug (J1/2) | Tshobdun (S1/2) | Zbu (S3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| alcohol, liquor |
cʰe | tɐwaʔ | tɐʁō | |
| apple | pakʃu | |||
| bird | patʃu [paˈtʃy] | pɣa | pɣɐ́tʃu | |
| bite | ka-mtʃuk | ⁿdze | nɐ̂ (~ nə̄) | |
| be prone to bite (of an animal) |
sɐ-χsu | |||
| bear (animal) | təwaʔm [t̪əˈwaʔm ̚] | prɛʔ | ||
| Bkrashis (man's name) |
pkraʃis | |||
| bread | təmɲok | qɐ́jwi (S3) | qawə̄ | |
| bull | cʰəɣjaʔ | |||
| cat | lolo pʰo(-)rə (male cat) mo(-)rə (female cat) |
lɯlu | lʌqʌlŋʌ̄χ ("kitty") | |
| chicken | pkwaʔ ~ pwaʔ patʃu (bird (gen.); chicken) |
|||
| cloud | zdeʔm ~ zdem | zⁿdimʔ | ||
| cow | tə.jla /tə.jla/ (cow), kəʃpət /kə.ʃpət/ (cow, livestock), tərluʔ /tə.rluʔ/ (hornless cow) |
jla ("yak-cow hybrid") | ||
| die | ka-ʃi | si | set | |
| dog | kʰəna pʰo(-)tʃʰə (male dog) mo(-)tʃʰə (female dog) |
|||
| Dorji, (r)Dorje (man's name) |
ʁdɤrʑi | ʁdorʒe (S2) | ʁdorʒe (S2) | |
| drink (verb) | ka-moʔt (milk, etc) | tshi | tʰi (sometimes tʰɛ S2) (milk, etc) | kʌ-tʰî |
| drink alcohol | ka-nətʃʰe | ("drink" is used) | ||
| eat | ndza | ndza | ⁿdze | ⁿdzē (~ ⁿdzī) |
| elder sister | (t)a(-)ja a-ja "(my) e. sister" |
pi ɯ-pi "her e. sister" |
||
| father | (t)a-pa | -wa | ||
| girl | təmuʔ ~ təmu [t̪ə'mʉʔ] | tɕheme | ||
| give | ka-mbuʔ | mbi, kho |
ⁿbə̄ (~ ⁿbō) | |
| go | ka-tsʰi (cf. Horpa/Rtau ɕə "3 sg goes") |
ɕe (aorist: ari) | (-)ʃa ʃe (De'erba village, Dazang township; S3) |
xwē ~ xwə̄t rî ~ rə̄t ("go in a certain direction") |
| gold | tarni | |||
| grab | ka-ndɽi | -mɟe | ||
| green | rɟaŋkə (from ལྗང་ཁུ (ljang khu)) | |||
| house | təɟeʔm ~ ɟeʔm tʃīm (Zhuōkèjī; S3) |
kha | kʰa (Dazang) | |
| India | rɟakar | |||
| ingot | rdok | qhoʁqhoʁ (J3) | ||
| king | ɟarpo | rɟɤlpu (J3) | ||
| leopard | kɯrtsɤɣ | kə́xsɛ | ||
| Lhamo (woman's name) |
lhamo | ɬamu | ||
| Lhasa (place) | lhase | ɬasa | lʌsê | |
| like, love | ka-rgaʔ | rga | rge | |
| a little | ki | ci | ||
| locative, "at" | tʃe | tɕu | (cf. sɐ, -z) | |
| muntjac | ʃkaʔm | ɕkɤrɯ | ||
| neighbour | təjwaʔk [t̪eˈjwaʔk] | jil | ||
| not (NEG) | ma | mɯ | mə ~ mɐ | mɐ |
| often | ʃi, ʒakrəŋ | kɐmɲɐm | ||
| one | kərek (numeral "1", generic "he/she/it") |
ci ("1", "once") | ||
| opium | tɐkʰuɲa | |||
| person | tərmu | kərⁿbjoʔ, tərmɐ | ||
| pig | pak | pa | pâχ | |
| pigeon | qro | |||
| queen | taʒi | (ji-)βdaʁmu "(our-) queen" | ||
| rabbit | kalaʔ | qala | ||
| rain | təmu | tə́mu | ||
| say | ka-cəs | ti | (-)tsə ti ~ tət (De'erba, S3) |
tsʰə̄ ~ tsʰīt |
| see | ka-m(ə)to | mto | mtɐ̄ | |
| shadow side of a slope |
tancap | |||
| silver | poŋeʔ /poˈŋeʔ/ [poˈŋeʔ] | rŋɯl (J3) | ||
| snake | kʰapri | qɐprɛʔ | ||
| study (verb) | ka-slep (from སློབ (slob)) ka-rətʰa ("read, study") tətʰa ka(-)va ("do book(s)" i.e. "read, study") |
rɐvzjaŋ | cf. vzjɐ̂ (~ vzjə̄) ("learn", from སྦྱོང (sbyong)) | |
| tea | tʂʰaʔ (loan) | (cf. χtʂəɣtʃe "butter tea") | tʃʰətsê (loan) | |
| this | tʃəʔ | ki | koʔ | |
| tiger | kʰoŋ [kʰoŋ]~[kʰɔŋ] | khu | qɐɟe | |
| tomorrow | soʃnu | fsə́fsi (S2) | ||
| tsampa (barley porridge) | kʰalet | |||
| two | kəɲes (numeral 2) | ʁnaʁna ("both, 2") | ʁní-lʌ ("twice", lit. "two-time(s)") | |
| water | tə(-?)ɟuʔ | tɯ-ci | tə(-?)ciʔ | |
| winter | kərtsu | qɐrtsu | ||
| woman | jimo (woman) təmuʔ (woman, girl, female) |
tə́mɛ | ||
| yellow weasel | tsagəjo /tsa.ɡə.jo/ | |||
| yesterday | pəʃur | ʃorʔ | rəʃwēr | |
| Zbu/Ribu people | zbuvê |
- * The hyphens (and dots) above are omitted in running text. Glottal stops may also be unwritten.
- * wuɟo is older than mə per P1
References:
- J1 : Japhug data from Guillaume Jacques, The Inverse in Japhug Rgyalrong (2010); mentions "The second person prefix in all Rgyalrong languages is unrelated to the pronouns, and it has been compared to the second person tə- prefix in southern Kiranti languages (Ebert 1990, 1991). It might belong to an older stratum of person markers, though it is difficult to determine whether the second person prefixes of Rgyalrong and Kiranti languages are indeed related."
- J2 : data from Guillaume Jacques, The origin of the reflexive prefix in Rgyalrong languages (2010)
- J3 : Japhug data from Guillaume Jacques, Argument Demotion in Japhug Rgyalrong (2012)
- P1 : Situ (Jiǎomùzú variety) data from Marielle[sic] Prins, A Grammar of rGyalrong, Jiǎomùzú (Kyom-kyo) Dialects: A Web of Relations (2016) (citing Jin 1957-8 for Suōmò data and Hsieh (Xie) 1999 for Zhuōkèjī data); mentions on pages 30 and 31 that "Jiǎomùzú dialects have a preference for rounding as well as backing, especially in the village of Kǒnglóng. In many words /u/ or /o/ occurs in places where other Sìtǔ dialects, especially Suōmò and Zhuōkèjī, have /i/. It may be this feature that causes native Sìtǔ speakers to perceive the Jiǎomùzú dialects as more 'heavy' than the Suōmò or Zhuōkèjī dialects", with examples of Jiǎomùzú - Suōmò - Zhuōkèjī contrasts like 'grass plot' /kajvuʔ/ - [kaipi] - [kɐipiʔ], 'buy' /kaku/ - [kaki] - [kaki], 'four' /kəbdu/ - [kəwdi] - [kəwdi], and 'day' /ʃnu/ - [sɲi] - [sni]. Also mentions /kʰəʃpʰeʔs/ [kʰəˈʃpʰɛʔs] 'marmot', /spen/ [spɛn] 'glue', /sokle/ [sɔxˈlɛ] 'saw', /təwaʔm/ [t̪əˈwaʔm ̚] 'bear'.
- P2 : Situ (Jiǎomùzú variety) data from Maria[sic] Clazina Prins, A Web of Relations: A Grammar of rGyalrong, Jiǎomùzú (Kyom-kyo) Dialects (2011) (predecessor of P1); mentions ɟiek, onomatopoeia for the sound of something bursting out (of somewhere) all at once (like intestines falling out of a gutted abdomen), and ɟiekɟiek for the sound of something bursting out but taking a while to completely dribble out. Also mentions ko, a mood marker indicating anxiety.
- S1 : Tshobdun data (from qɐcʰweriʔ village, Tshobdun township) from Jackson T. S. Sun, Typology of Generic-Person Making in Tshobdun Rgyalrong (2014)
- S2 : Tshobdun (and other) data from Jackson T. S. Sun, The Irrealis Category in rGyalrong (2007)
- S3 : Zbu (Showu) data from Jackson T. S. Sun, Verb-Stem Variations in Showu rGyalrong (2004)