User:ɶLerman/Chamalal dialects

Common Chamalal	Gigatl	Chamalal	Examples
*p	p ‹п›	p ‹п›	pul > pul ‹пул›; pul ‹пул*› (“[anatomy] vessel”)
*b	b ‹б›	b ‹б›	beka > beča ‹бе́ча›; beča ‹бе́ча› (“snake”) besun > besun ‹бесу́н›; besuⁿ ‹бесу́ᵸ› (“knife”) habu > habu ‹гьабу́›; hab ‹гьаб› (“charcoal”) ʁabu > ʁabu ‹гъабу́›; ʁab ‹гъаб› (“foot”) boc̣c̣u > boc̣c̣u ‹боццӏу́›; boṣṣ ‹боссӏ› (“moon”) bac̣a > bazza ‹базза́›; bac̣a ‹ба̀цӏа› (“wolf”) beƛ̣ƛ̣i > beƛ̣ƛ̣i ‹бекьи́›; beƛ̣ƛ̣ ‹бекь› (“pen, stable”) ssib > ssip ‹ссип›; ssib ‹ссиб› (“dew”)
*m	m ‹м›	m ‹м›	miʁa > miʁa ‹ми́гъа›; miʁa ‹ми́гъа› (“tail”) mic̣c̣i > mic̣c̣i ‹ми́ццӏи›; miṣṣ ‹миссӏ› (“tongue; language”) mic̣c̣u > —; miṣṣ(w) ‹миссӏ(в)› (“nettle”) mač̣i > mač̣i ‹мачӏи́›; mač̣ ‹мачӏ› (“child”) hac̣c̣im > hac̣c̣im ‹гьаццӏи́м›; haṣṣim ‹гьа̀ссӏим› (“infertile ewe”) misudu > misudu ‹мису́ду›; misud ‹мису́д› (“gold”) mači > mači ‹мачи́›; maš ‹маш› (“snot”) maƛ̣ƛ̣u > maƛ̣ƛ̣u ‹макьу́›; maƛ̣ƛ̣w ‹макьв› (“sleep”) ƛ̣ėm > em ‹эм›; im ‹им› + Gadyri* nim ‹ним› (“stem”) ƛ̣am > am ‹ам›; am ‹ам› (“roof”) ssimi > ssimi ‹сси́ми›; ssim ‹ссим› (“gall”)
*t	t ‹т›	t ‹т›	č̣atu > č̣atu ‹чӏату́›; č̣atw ‹чӏатв› (“horse”) tic̣c̣u > tic̣c̣u ‹тиццӏу́›; tiṣṣw ‹тиссӏв› (“bog”)
*d	d ‹д›	d ‹д›	misudu > misudu ‹мису́ду›; misud ‹мису́д*› (“gold”)
*ṭ	ṭ ‹тӏ›	ṭ ‹тӏ›	č̣aṭu > č̣aṭu ‹чӏатӏу́›; č̣aṭw ‹чӏатӏв› (“blackberry”) ṭanir > ṭanir ‹тӏани́р›; ṭani ‹тӏа̀ни› (“the portion of grain due a miller for his/her services”) ṭuṭu > ṭuṭu ‹тӏу́тӏу›; ṭuṭ ‹тӏутӏ› (“kitty”) ṭunṭu > ṭunṭu ‹тӏунтӏу́›; ṭuⁿṭ ‹тӏуᵸтӏ› (“fly”)
*l	l ‹л›	l ‹л›	ƛ̣ƛ̣anḳal > ƛ̣ƛ̣anč̣al ‹кьанчӏа́л›; ƛ̣ƛ̣aⁿč̣al ‹кьаᵸчӏа́л› (“hare”) pul > pul ‹пул›; pul ‹пул› (“[anatomy] vessel”) c̣uli > c̣uli ‹цӏу́ли›; c̣ulli ‹цӏулли́*› (“whip”)
*r	r ‹р›	∅^{[A 1]} j ‹й›^{[A 2]} w ‹в›^{[A 3]} r ‹р›^{[A 4]}	hara > hara ‹гьара́›; hā ‹гьа̄› (“steam”) zari > zari ‹зари́›; zā ‹за̄› (“ice; hail”) sari > sari ‹са́ри›; sā ‹са̄› (“fox”) č̣ara > č̣ara ‹чӏа́ра›; č̣ā ‹чӏа̄› (“heifer”) ƛ̣ara > ara ‹а́ра›; ā ‹а̄› (“ear [of corn], maize”) q̇q̇eru > q̇q̇eru ‹къеру́›; q̇q̇ew ‹къе̄в› (“spring wheat”) q̇q̇aru > q̇q̇aru ‹къару́›; q̇q̇āw ‹къа̄в› (“time”) čanir > čanir ‹чани́р›; šani ‹ша̀ни› (“half carcass”) ṭanir > ṭanir ‹тӏани́р›; ṭani ‹тӏа̀ни› (“the portion of grain due a miller for his/her services”) raḳwa > raḳa ‹ракӏа́›; jaḳwa ‹йа̀кӏва› (“heart”) rac̣c̣i > rac̣c̣i ‹ра́ццӏи›; jaṣṣ ‹йассӏ› (“corn silk”) rešin > rešin ‹реши́н›; jehiⁿ ‹йѐгьиᵸ› (“sky”) riḳḳu > riḳḳu ‹ри́ккӏу›; jiḳḳw ‹йиккӏв› (“stave in the yoke of a bull harness”) ruƛ̣ƛ̣i > ruƛ̣ƛ̣i ‹рукьи́›; wuƛ̣ƛ̣ ‹вукь› (“yoke”) c̣c̣eri > c̣c̣eri ‹ццӏери́›; ṣṣē ‹ссӏе̄› (“name”) ssiru > ssiru ‹ссиру́›; ssirw ‹ссирв› (“wax”)
*n	n ‹н›	n/ⁿ ‹н/ᵸ›	suni > suni ‹су́ни›; sun ‹сун› (“yesterday”) huni > huni ‹гьуни́›; hūⁿ ‹гьӯᵸ› (“seed”) besun > besun ‹бесу́н›; besuⁿ ‹бесу́ᵸ› (“knife”) hunč̣a > hunč̣a ‹гьу́нчӏа›; huⁿč̣a ‹гьуᵸчӏа› (“grass”) hunc̣c̣i > hunc̣c̣i ‹гьунццӏи́›; huⁿṣṣ ‹гьуᵸссӏ› (“honey”) ƛ̣ƛ̣anḳal > ƛ̣ƛ̣anč̣al ‹кьанчӏа́л›; ƛ̣ƛ̣aⁿč̣al ‹кьаᵸчӏа́л› (“hare”) nac̣c̣i > nac̣c̣i ‹на́ццӏи›; naṣṣ ‹нассӏ› (“louse”) insa > isa ‹иса́›; iⁿsa ‹ѝᵸса› (“cheese”) sani > —; сан ‹сан› (“barberry”) zini > zini ‹зини́›; zin ‹зин› (“cow”) rešin > rešin ‹реши́н›; jehiⁿ ‹йѐгьиᵸ› (“sky”) čanir > čanir ‹чани́р›; šani ‹ша̀ни› (“half carcass”) niča > niča ‹ни́ча›; niša ‹ни́ша› (“sickle”) ṭanir > ṭanir ‹тӏани́р›; ṭani ‹тӏа̀ни› (“the portion of grain due a miller for his/her services”) ṭunṭu > ṭunṭu ‹тӏунтӏу́›; ṭuⁿṭ ‹тӏуᵸтӏ› (“fly”) anzi > anzi ‹анзи́›; aⁿz ‹аᵸз› (“snow”)
*k	č ‹ч›^{[A 5]}	č ‹ч›^{[A 5]}	beka > beča ‹бе́ча›; beča ‹бе́ча› (“snake”) kaka > čača ‹ча́ча›; čača ‹ча́ча› (“female breast”)
*ḳ	ḳ ‹кӏ› č̣ ‹чӏ›^{[A 6]}	ḳ ‹кӏ› č̣ ‹чӏ›^{[A 6]}	susuḳu > susḳu ‹сускӏу́›; susuḳ ‹су̀сукӏ› (“sieve”) ƛ̣ƛ̣anḳal > ƛ̣ƛ̣anč̣al ‹кьанчӏа́л›; ƛ̣ƛ̣aⁿč̣al ‹кьаᵸчӏа́л› (“hare”)
*q̇q̇	q̇q̇ ‹къ›	q̇q̇ ‹къ›	q̇q̇eru > q̇q̇eru ‹къеру́›; q̇q̇ēw ‹къе̄в› (“spring wheat”) q̇q̇aru > q̇q̇aru ‹къару́›; q̇q̇āw ‹къа̄в› (“time”) q̇q̇iča > q̇q̇iča ‹къича́›; q̇q̇iša ‹къѝша› (“swallow [bird]”) q̇q̇ėč̣u > q̇q̇eč̣u ‹къечӏу́›; q̇q̇ič̣w ‹къичӏв› (“birchbark”)
*ʁ	ʁ ‹гъ›	ʁ ‹гъ›	miʁa > miʁa ‹ми́гъа›; miʁa ‹ми́гъа› (“tail”) ʁabu > ʁabu ‹гъабу́›; ʁab ‹гъаб› (“foot”) ʁacci > ʁaci ‹гъаци́›; ʁac ‹гъац*› (“sphalerocarpium of sea buckthorn”)
*h	h ‹гь›	h ‹гь›	huni > huni ‹гьуни́›; hūⁿ ‹гьӯᵸ› (“seed”) hunč̣a > hunč̣a ‹гьу́нчӏа›; huⁿč̣a ‹гьуᵸчӏа› (“grass”) hunc̣c̣i > hunc̣c̣i ‹гьунццӏи́›; huⁿṣṣ ‹гьуᵸссӏ› (“honey”) hac̣c̣i > hac̣c̣i ‹гьа́ццӏи›; haṣṣ ‹гьассӏ› (“wife”) hac̣c̣im > hac̣c̣im ‹гьаццӏи́м›; haṣṣim ‹гьа̀ссӏим› (“infertile ewe”) hara > hara ‹гьара́›; hā ‹гьа̄› (“steam”) habu > habu ‹гьабу́›; hab ‹гьаб*› (“charcoal”)
*ʎʎ	ʎʎ ‹ллъ›	ʎʎ ‹ллъ›	ʎʎin > ʎʎīⁿ ‹ллъӣᵸ›; ʎʎīⁿ ‹ллъӣᵸ*› (“water”)
*ƛ̣	∅^{[A 7]}	∅^{[A 7]}	ƛ̣ara > ara ‹а́ра›; ā ‹а̄› + Gadyri* lā ‹ла̄›^{[A 8]} (“ear [of corn], maize”) ƛ̣ėm > em ‹эм›; im ‹им› + Gadyri* nim ‹ним›^{[A 8]}^{[A 9]} (“stem”) ƛ̣am > am ‹ам›; am ‹ам› + Gadyri* nabu ‹набу›^{[A 8]}^{[A 9]} (“roof”)
*ƛ̣ƛ̣	ƛ̣ƛ̣ ‹кь›	ƛ̣ƛ̣ ‹кь›	ƛ̣ƛ̣anḳal > ƛ̣ƛ̣anč̣al ‹кьанчӏа́л›; ƛ̣ƛ̣aⁿč̣al ‹кьаᵸчӏа́л› (“hare”) ruƛ̣ƛ̣i > ruƛ̣ƛ̣i ‹рукьи́›; wuƛ̣ƛ̣ ‹вукь› (“yoke”) beƛ̣ƛ̣i > beƛ̣ƛ̣i ‹бекьи́›; beƛ̣ƛ̣ ‹бекь› (“pen, stable”) maƛ̣ƛ̣u > maƛ̣ƛ̣u ‹макьу́›; maƛ̣ƛ̣w ‹макьв› (“sleep”)
*s	s ‹с›	s ‹с›	insa > isa ‹иса́›; iⁿsa ‹ѝᵸса› (“cheese”) susuḳu > susḳu ‹сускӏу́›; susuḳ ‹су̀сукӏ› (“sieve”) misudu > misudu ‹мису́ду›; misud ‹мису́д› (“gold”) suni > suni ‹су́ни›; sun ‹сун› (“yesterday”) besun > besun ‹бесу́н›; besuⁿ ‹бесу́ᵸ› (“knife”) asa > asa ‹а̀са›; asa ‹а̀са› (“frost”) sani > —; сан ‹сан*› (“barberry”)
*ss	ss ‹сс›	ss ‹сс›	ssib > ssip ‹ссип›; ssib ‹ссиб› (“dew”) ssimi > ssimi ‹сси́ми›; ssim ‹ссим› (“gall”) ssiru > ssiru ‹ссиру́›; ssirw ‹ссирв› (“wax”) ssess > ssess ‹ссесс›; ssess ‹ссесс› (“Bromus variegatus”)
*š	š ‹ш›	h ‹гь›	rešin > rešin ‹реши́н›; jehiⁿ ‹йѐгьиᵸ*› (“sky”)
*z	z ‹з›	z ‹з›	zini > zini ‹зини́›; zin ‹зин› (“cow”) anzi > anzi ‹анзи́›; aⁿz ‹аᵸз› (“snow”) zari > zari ‹зари́›; zā ‹за̄*› (“ice; hail”)
*cc	cc/c ‹цц/ц›	cc/c ‹цц/ц›	ʁacci > ʁaci ‹гъаци́›; ʁac ‹гъац*› (“sphalerocarpium of sea buckthorn”)
*c̣	c̣ ‹цӏ› zz ‹зз›^{[A 10]}	c̣ ‹цӏ›	c̣aj > c̣aj ‹цӏай›; c̣ā ‹цӏа̄› + Gadyri* lā ‹ла̄›^{[A 8]} (“fire”) c̣uli > c̣uli ‹цӏу́ли›; c̣ulli ‹цӏулли́› + Gadyri* luli ‹лули›^{[A 8]} (“whip”) bac̣a > bazza ‹базза́›; bac̣a ‹ба̀цӏа› + Gadyri* badda ‹бадда›^{[A 11]} (“wolf”)
*c̣c̣	c̣c̣ ‹ццӏ›	ṣṣ ‹ссӏ›	mic̣c̣i > mic̣c̣i ‹ми́ццӏи›; miṣṣ ‹миссӏ› (“tongue; language”) mic̣c̣u > —; miṣṣ(w) ‹миссӏ(в)› (“nettle”) hunc̣c̣i > hunc̣c̣i ‹гьунццӏи́›; huⁿṣṣ ‹гьуᵸссӏ› (“honey”) nac̣c̣i > nac̣c̣i ‹на́ццӏи›; naṣṣ ‹нассӏ› (“louse”) hac̣c̣i > hac̣c̣i ‹гьа́ццӏи›; haṣṣ ‹гьассӏ› (“wife”) hac̣c̣im > hac̣c̣im ‹гьаццӏи́м›; haṣṣim ‹гьа̀ссӏим› (“infertile ewe”) boc̣c̣u > boc̣c̣u ‹боццӏу́›; boṣṣ ‹боссӏ› (“moon”) c̣c̣eri > c̣c̣eri ‹ццӏери́›; ṣṣē ‹ссӏе̄› (“name”) tic̣c̣u > tic̣c̣u ‹тиццӏу́›; tiṣṣw ‹тиссӏв*› (“bog”)
*č	č ‹ч›	š ‹ш›^{[A 12]}	muču > muču ‹мучу́›; muš ‹муш› (“wind”) iča > iča ‹и́ча›; iša ‹и́ша› (“mare”) čanir > čanir ‹чани́р›; šani ‹ша̀ни› (“half carcass”) niča > niča ‹ни́ча›; niša ‹ни́ша› (“sickle”) mači > mači ‹мачи́›; maš ‹маш› (“snot”) q̇q̇iča > q̇q̇iča ‹къича́›; q̇q̇iša ‹къѝша› (“swallow [bird]”)
*č̣	č̣ ‹чӏ›	č̣ ‹чӏ›	hunč̣a > hunč̣a ‹гьу́нчӏа›; huⁿč̣a ‹гьуᵸчӏа› (“grass”) mač̣i > mač̣i ‹мачӏи́›; mač̣ ‹мачӏ› (“child”) č̣atu > č̣atu ‹чӏату́›; č̣atw ‹чӏатв› (“horse”) č̣aṭu > č̣aṭu ‹чӏатӏу́›; č̣aṭw ‹чӏатӏв› (“blackberry”) č̣ara > č̣ara ‹чӏа́ра›; č̣ā ‹чӏа̄› (“heifer”) q̇q̇ėč̣u > q̇q̇eč̣u ‹къечӏу́›; q̇q̇ič̣w ‹къичӏв› (“birchbark”)

nom.sg. *hac̣c̣i > hac̣c̣i ‹гьа́ццӏи›; haṣṣ ‹гьассӏ› (“wife”)^{[A 5]}
nom.pl. *haḳḳube > —; haḳwbe ‹гьа̀кӏвбе› (“wives”)^{[A 13]}

Notes

^ *r > *∅ /V_V,#
^ *r > *j /#_ ${\begin{Bmatrix}*a\\*e\\*i\end{Bmatrix}}$
^ *r > *w /#_ ${\begin{Bmatrix}*o\\*u\end{Bmatrix}}$
^ *r > *r /i_u
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 *ḳḳ > *c̣c̣ /_ ${\begin{Bmatrix}*a\\*e\\*i\end{Bmatrix}}$ (palatalization)
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 *ḳ > *č̣ /_ ${\begin{Bmatrix}*a\\*e\\*i\end{Bmatrix}}$ (palatalization)
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 *ƛ̣ > *∅ /#_V
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 *c̣ > *ƛ̣ > *l /#_V (lateralization and delateralization)
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 *l > *n /#_Vm (assimilation)
^ *c̣ > *zz /V_V (deaffrication fricativization)
^ *c̣ > *dd /V_V (deaffrication plosivation or fortition from *-zz-)
^ *č > *š (fricativization)
^ *ḳḳ > *ḳḳ /_ ${\begin{Bmatrix}*o\\*u\end{Bmatrix}}$

References

Bokarjóv, Anatólij A. (1949) Очерк грамматики чамалинского языка [A Sketch Grammar of Chamalal] (in Russian), Moscow, Leningrad: Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
Gudava, Togo Je. (1964) Консонантизм андийских языков: Историко-сравнительный анализ [The consonantism of Andian languages: A comparative analysis] (in Russian), Tbilisi: Academy Press
Magomedbekova, Zagidat M. (1967) “Чамалинский язык [Chamalal language]”, in Иберийско-кавказские языки [Iberian-Caucasian languages] (Языки народов СССР) (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Science
Magomedova, Patimat T. (1999) Чамалинско-русский словарь [Chamali-Russian dictionary] (in Russian), Makhachkala: Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

[loss-1] *r > *∅ /V_V,#

[loss2-2] *r > *j /#_ ${\begin{Bmatrix}*a\\*e\\*i\end{Bmatrix}}$

[loss3-3] *r > *w /#_ ${\begin{Bmatrix}*o\\*u\end{Bmatrix}}$

[retention-4] *r > *r /i_u

[palatalization-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 *ḳḳ > *c̣c̣ /_ ${\begin{Bmatrix}*a\\*e\\*i\end{Bmatrix}}$ (palatalization)

[palatalization6-6] 6.0 ^6.1 *ḳ > *č̣ /_ ${\begin{Bmatrix}*a\\*e\\*i\end{Bmatrix}}$ (palatalization)

[loss4-7] 7.0 ^7.1 *ƛ̣ > *∅ /#_V

[delateralization-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 *c̣ > *ƛ̣ > *l /#_V (lateralization and delateralization)

[assimilation-9] 9.0 ^9.1 *l > *n /#_Vm (assimilation)

[deaffrication-10] *c̣ > *zz /V_V (deaffrication fricativization)

[deaffrication1-11] *c̣ > *dd /V_V (deaffrication plosivation or fortition from *-zz-)

[fricativization-12] *č > *š (fricativization)

[non-palatalization-13] *ḳḳ > *ḳḳ /_ ${\begin{Bmatrix}*o\\*u\end{Bmatrix}}$

[A 1]

[A 2]

[A 3]

[A 4]

[A 5]

[A 6]

[A 7]

[A 8]

[A 9]

[A 10]

[A 11]

[A 12]

[A 13]