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Latest comment: 5 months ago by Wise Bridges Fool Walls in topic An explanation of the compound particle に対して/対し

An explanation of the compound particle に対して/対し

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Meaning/Function: Regarding something/someone one opposes, compares, or shows interest in.

English equivalents: toward; to; in contrast to; whereas; in regard to; in; per

Key sentences:

  1. これまで日本(にほん)外国(がいこく)(たい)して閉鎖的(へいさてき)政策(せいさく)()ってきた。kore made nihon wa gaikoku ni taishite heisatekina seisaku o totte kita.Up until now Japan has taken a closed policy toward foreign countries.
  2. 日本(にほん)大学(だいがく)入学(にゅうがく)するのが(むずか)しいのに(たい)して、アメリカの大学(だいがく)卒業(そつぎょう)するのが(むずか)しい。nihon no daigaku wa nyūgakusuru no ga muzukashī no ni taishite, amerika no daigaku wa sotsugyōsuru no ga muzukashī.Japanese colleges are hard to enter, whereas American colleges are hard to graduate from.
  3. アメリカでは離婚(りこん)に((たい)する/(たい)しての)(かんが)(かた)大分変(だいぶか)わってきた。amerika de wa rikon ni (taisuru / taishite no) kangaekata ga daibu kawatte kita.In America attitudes toward divorce have greatly changed.

Formation:

  1. Noun に対して
    先生(せんせい)(たい)してsensei ni taishitetowards one’s teacher
  2. (Verb/I-Adjective) informal のに対して
    ((はな)す/(はな)した)のに(たい)して(hanasu / hanashita) no ni taishitesomeone talks/talked, whereas ~
    ((わか)い/(わか)かった)のに(たい)して(wakai / wakakatta) no ni taishitesomeone is/was young, whereas ~
  3. (Na-Adjective stem/Noun) (な/である/だった/であった) のに対して
    元気(げんき)(な/である/だった/であった)のに(たい)してgenki (na / dearu / datta / deatta) no ni taishitesomeone is/was healthy, whereas ~
    学生(がくせい)(な/である/だった/であった)のに(たい)してgakusei (na / dearu / datta / deatta) no ni taishitesomeone is/was a student, whereas ~
  4. Noun に (対する/対しての) Noun
    結婚(けっこん)に((たい)する/(たい)しての)(かんが)(かた)kekkon ni (taisuru / taishite no) kangaekataone’s view of marriage

Examples:

  1. 鈴木(すずき)さんは(だれ)(たい)して丁寧(ていねい)だ。suzuki-san wa dare ni taishite mo teineida.Mr. Suzuki is polite towards everybody.
  2. 日本(にほん)外国(がいこく)(たい)して市場(しじょう)をもっと開放(かいほう)すべきだ。nihon wa gaikoku ni taishite shijō o motto kaihōsubeki da.Japan should open its market more widely towards foreign countries.
  3. (わたし)政治(せいじ)(たい)して(つよ)関心(かんしん)がある。watashi wa seiji ni taishite tsuyoi kanshin ga aru.I have a strong interest in politics.
  4. 手数料(てすうりょう)一万円(いちまんえん)(たい)して五百円(ごひゃくえん)です。tesūryō wa ichiman'en ni taishite gohyakuendesu.The commission charge will be 500 yen per 10,000 yen.
  5. 市民(しみん)増税(ぞうぜい)(たい)して(つよ)反対(はんたい)している。shimin wa zōzei ni taishite tsuyoku hantaishite iru.The citizens are strongly opposed to the tax hike.
  6. (わたし)高校生(こうこうせい)(とき)から、日本(にほん)文化(ぶんか)(たい)して興味(きょうみ)があった。watashi wa kōkōsei no toki kara, nihon no bunka ni taishite kyōmi ga atta.Since my high school days, I have had an interest in Japanese culture.
  7. 昨年(さくねん)自動車事故(じどうしゃじこ)(すく)なかったのに(たい)して今年(ことし)大変多(たいへんおお)かった。sakunen wa jidōsha jiko ga sukunakatta no ni taishite, kotoshi wa taihen ōkatta.Last year there were very few car accidents, whereas this year the number was very high.
  8. 日本人(にほんじん)()められた(とき)、よく「とんでもない」と()う。これ(たい)して、アメリカ(じん)はよく「ありがとう」と()う。nihonjin wa homerareta toki, yoku “tondemonai” to iu. kore ni taishite, amerika-jin wa yoku “arigatō” to iu.When Japanese get compliments, they often say “Oh, not at all.” In contrast to this, Americans often say “Thank you.”
  9. 女性(じょせい)地位(ちい)日本(にほん)ではまだ(ひく)のに(たい)して欧米(おうべい)では比較的高(ひかくてきたか)い。josei no chī wa nihon de wa mada hikui no ni taishite, ōbei de wa hikakuteki takai.Women’s position is still low in Japan, whereas in Europe and America it is relatively high.
  10. (ひがし)ヨーロッパの国々(くにぐに)民主化(みんしゅか)()かっているのに(たい)して中国大陸(ちゅうごくたいりく)北朝鮮(きたちょうせん)民主化(みんしゅか)がまだ(おく)れているようだ。higashi-yōroppa no kuniguni ga minshuka ni mukatte iru no ni taishite, chūgoku tairiku to kita chōsen wa minshuka ga mada okurete iru yōda.Eastern European countries are progressing towards democratization, whereas Continental China and North Korea appear to be slower in democratization.
  11. ロシア(たい)してのアメリカ(じん)見方(みかた)最近友好的(さいきんゆうこうてき)になった。roshia ni taishite no amerika-jin no mikata wa saikin yūkōtekini natta.American views of Russia have recently become friendlier.
  12. 部長(ぶちょう)岡田(おかだ)(たい)して有利(ゆうり)発言(はつげん)をした。buchō wa okada ni taishite yūrina hatsugen o shita.The departmental head made a remark in Okada’s favour.
  13. その経済学者(けいざいがくしゃ)(せつ)((たい)する/(たい)して)反論(はんろん)はなかった。sono keizaigakusha no setsu ni(taisuru / taishite) hanron wa nakatta.There wasn’t a counterargument against the economist’s thesis.

Notes:

  1. Noun に対して is used to represent someone’s attitude/action towards someone/something as in Key Sentence (A), Examples (a), (b) and (l), contrast/comparison as in Key Sentence (B) and Examples (g) – (j), confrontation as in Example (e), interest as in Examples (c) and (f), and the sense of ‘per’ as in Example (d).
  2. Noun1 に (対する/対しての) Noun2 means ‘Noun2 in regard to Noun1,’ as exemplified by Key Sentence (C) and Example (k) or ‘against’ as exemplified by Example (m).
  3. 対して can be replaced by 対し in written Japanese or formal speech.
  4. Noun に対して and Noun (な/である/だった/であった) のに対して are different in meaning; the latter means ‘whereas,’ but the former does not, as shown below:

    (1) a. (かれ)女性(じょせい)(たい)してとても親切(しんせつ)だ。kare wa josei ni taishite totemo shinsetsuda.He is very kind toward women.

    b. 淑子(よしこ)()きな男性(だんせい)豪快(ごうかい)男性(だんせい)(/である) のに(たい)して由美子(ゆみこ)()きな男性(だんせい)(やさ)しい男性(だんせい)だ。yoshiko ga sukina dansei wa gōkaina dansei (na / dearu) no ni taishite, yumiko ga sukina dansei wa yasashī dansei da.The men Yoshiko likes are spirited [men], whereas the men Yumiko likes are considerate [men].

Makino, Seiichi, and Michio Tsutsui. A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar. Tokyo, The Japan Times, Ltd., 1995, pp. 275-278.

Wise Bridges Fool Walls (talk) 10:28 16 September 2024 (UTC) Wise Bridges Fool Walls (talk) 14:28, 16 September 2024 (UTC)Reply