Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/karmijan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From *karm(i) (“cry, moan”) +‎ *-jan, ultimately from the same source as Proto-Germanic *karmiz (“call, cry, shout”).

Verb

*karmijan

1. to cry, moan

Inflection

Class 1 weak
Infinitive	*karmijan
1st sg. past	*karmidā
Infinitive	*karmijan
Genitive infin.	*karmijannjas
Dative infin.	*karmijannjē
Instrum. infin.	*karmijannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*karmiju	*karmidā
2nd singular	*karmisi	*karmidēs, *karmidōs
3rd singular	*karmiþi	*karmidē, *karmidā
1st plural	*karmijum	*karmidum
2nd plural	*karmiþ	*karmidud
3rd plural	*karmijanþ	*karmidun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*karmijē	*karmidī
2nd singular	*karmijēs	*karmidī
3rd singular	*karmijē	*karmidī
1st plural	*karmijēm	*karmidīm
2nd plural	*karmijēþ	*karmidīd
3rd plural	*karmijēn	*karmidīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*karmi
Plural	*karmiþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*karmijandī	*karmid

Related terms

• *karmōn

Descendants

• Old English: ċirman, ċerman, ċierman, ċyrman
  • Middle English: chirmen
    • English: chirm
    • Scots: chirm, churm
• Old Saxon: *kermian
  • Middle Low German: kermen
• Old Dutch: *kermen
  • Middle Dutch: kermen (likely conflated with the descendant of *karmōn)
    • Dutch: kermen