Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/frastandan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From *fra- +‎ *standan (“to stand”).

Verb

*frastandan

1. to oppose
2. to understand

Inflection

Strong class 6
Infinitive	*frastandan
1st sg. past	*frastōnd
3rd pl. past	*frastōndun
Past ptcple	*frastandan
Infinitive	*frastandan
Genitive infin.	*frastandannjas
Dative infin.	*frastandannjē
Instrum. infin.	*frastandannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*frastandu	*frastōnd
2nd singular	*frastandiʀi	*frastōndī
3rd singular	*frastandidi	*frastōnd
1st plural	*frastandum	*frastōndum
2nd plural	*frastandid	*frastōndud
3rd plural	*frastandand	*frastōndun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*frastandē	*frastōndī
2nd singular	*frastandēs	*frastōndī
3rd singular	*frastandē	*frastōndī
1st plural	*frastandēm	*frastōndīm
2nd plural	*frastandēþ	*frastōndīd
3rd plural	*frastandēn	*frastōndīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*frastand
Plural	*frastandid
	Present	Past
Participle	*frastandandī	*frastandan

Descendants

• Old English: forstandan
  • Middle English: forstanden
    • English: forstand
    • Scots: forstand
• Old Frisian: forstanda, forstonda
  • Saterland Frisian: ferstounde
• Old Saxon: farstandan
  • Middle Low German: vörstenden
    • → Old Norse: fyrirstanda, forstanda
      • Icelandic: fyrirstanda, forstanda
      • Faroese: forstanda
      • Norwegian:
        • Norwegian Bokmål: forstå
        • Norwegian Nynorsk: forstå
          • Russenorsk: forstå
      • Old Danish: forstande
        • Danish: forstå
      • Old Swedish: forstanda
        • Swedish: förstå
• Old High German: firstantan