Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/us-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Usually read as *us- however Ercilasun argues against this and suggests *os- instead, compare also *osug (“a way of doing something; comparison between two objects; the changing of one object to another”).^[1]

If the above is true the homophonous *us (“mind”) is unrelated.

Verb

*us- or *os-

Conjugation

Conjugation of *us- (Common Turkic)

Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.

Positive

infinitive			*usmak
participle	present		*usgan, usugma, usar
	past		*usduk, usmïš
	future		*usdačï, usmakčï, ussïk, usačak
verbal noun			*usma, usug, usgu
way of doing			*usuš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*usar ben	*usar sen	*usar	*usar biz	*usar siz	*usar
	past	simple	*usdum	*usduŋ	*usdï	*usduk, usdumuz	*usduŋuz	*usdï
	past	inferential	*usmïš ben	*usmïš sen	*usmïš	*usmïš biz	*usmïš siz	*usmïš
	future	simple	*usdačï ben, usmakčï ben, usačak ben	*usdačï sen, usmakčï sen, usačak sen	*usdačï, usmakčï, usačak	*usdačï biz, usmakčï biz, usačak biz	*usdačï siz, usmakčï siz, usačak siz	*usdačï, usmakčï, usačak
		predictive	*usgay ben	*usgay sen	*usgay	*usgay biz	*usgay siz	*usgay
		necessitive	*ussukum	*ussukuŋ	*ussuk	*ussukumuz	*ussukuŋuz	*ussuk
conditional			*ussam, ussar ben	*ussaŋ, ussar sen	*ussa, ussar	*ussak, ussamïz, ussar biz	*ussaŋïz, ussar siz	*ussalar, ussar
optative			*usgay ben	*usgay sen	*usgay	*usgay biz	*usgay siz	*usgay
progressive			*usmakda ben	*usmakda sen	*usmakda	*usmakda biz	*usmakda siz	*usmakda
necessitative			*usmalïg ben	*usmalïg sen	*usmalïg	*usmalïg biz	*usmalïg siz	*usmalïg
imperative			*usayïn	*us, usgïl	*uszun	*usalïm	*usuŋ	*uszun

Negative

infinitive			*usmamak
participle	present		*usmagan, usmagma, usmaz
	past		*usmaduk, usmamïš
	future		*usmačï, usmasïk, usmayačak
verbal noun			*usmama, usmag, usmagu
way of doing			*usmayuš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*usmaz ben	*usmaz sen	*usmaz	*usmaz biz	*usmaz siz	*usmaz
	past	simple	*usmadum	*usmaduŋ	*usmadï	*usmaduk, usmadumuz	*usmaduŋuz	*usmadï
	past	inferential	*usmamïš ben	*usmamïš sen	*usmamïš	*usmamïš biz	*usmamïš siz	*usmamïš
	future	simple	*usmačï ben, usmayačak ben	*usmačï sen, usmayačak sen	*usmačï, usmayačak	*usmačï biz, usmayačak biz	*usmačï siz, usmayačak siz	*usmačï, usmayačak
		predictive	*usmagay ben	*usmagay sen	*usmagay	*usmagay biz	*usmagay siz	*usmagay
		necessitive	*usmasukum	*usmasukuŋ	*usmasuk	*usmasukumuz	*usmasukuŋuz	*usmasuk
conditional			*usmasam, usmasar ben	*usmasaŋ, usmasar sen	*usmasa, usmasar	*usmasak, usmasamïz, usmasar biz	*usmasaŋïz, usmasar siz	*usmasalar, usmasar
optative			*usmagay ben	*usmagay sen	*usmagay	*usmagay biz	*usmagay siz	*usmagay
progressive			*usmamakda ben	*usmamakda sen	*usmamakda	*usmamakda biz	*usmamakda siz	*usmamakda
necessitative			*usmamalïg ben	*usmamalïg sen	*usmamalïg	*usmamalïg biz	*usmamalïg siz	*usmamalïg
imperative			*usmayayïn	*usma, usmagïl	*usmazun	*usmayalïm	*usmayïŋ	*usmazun

Related terms

*us (“intellegence”)
*osug (“way of doing something; comparison; change”)

Descendants

Common Turkic:
Oghuz: اُسْماقْ (osmāk)^[1] or اُسْماقْ (usmāk)^[2]
- Old Anatolian Turkish: اوصماق^[3]
  - ⇒? Azerbaijani: yosma (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)
  - Ottoman Turkish: يوصماق
    - Turkish: osmak, yosmak, usmak
      - ⇒? Turkish: yosma (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)
    - →? Crimean Tatar: yosma (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)
- Turkmen: osmak

Etymology 2

Räsänen suggets a possible relation with Proto-Mongolic *usun (“water”).^[4]

Verb

*us-

(intransitive) to be thirsty

Conjugation

Conjugation of *us- (Common Turkic)

Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.

Positive

infinitive			*usmak
participle	present		*usgan, usugma, usar
	past		*usduk, usmïš
	future		*usdačï, usmakčï, ussïk, usačak
verbal noun			*usma, usug, usgu
way of doing			*usuš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*usar ben	*usar sen	*usar	*usar biz	*usar siz	*usar
	past	simple	*usdum	*usduŋ	*usdï	*usduk, usdumuz	*usduŋuz	*usdï
	past	inferential	*usmïš ben	*usmïš sen	*usmïš	*usmïš biz	*usmïš siz	*usmïš
	future	simple	*usdačï ben, usmakčï ben, usačak ben	*usdačï sen, usmakčï sen, usačak sen	*usdačï, usmakčï, usačak	*usdačï biz, usmakčï biz, usačak biz	*usdačï siz, usmakčï siz, usačak siz	*usdačï, usmakčï, usačak
		predictive	*usgay ben	*usgay sen	*usgay	*usgay biz	*usgay siz	*usgay
		necessitive	*ussukum	*ussukuŋ	*ussuk	*ussukumuz	*ussukuŋuz	*ussuk
conditional			*ussam, ussar ben	*ussaŋ, ussar sen	*ussa, ussar	*ussak, ussamïz, ussar biz	*ussaŋïz, ussar siz	*ussalar, ussar
optative			*usgay ben	*usgay sen	*usgay	*usgay biz	*usgay siz	*usgay
progressive			*usmakda ben	*usmakda sen	*usmakda	*usmakda biz	*usmakda siz	*usmakda
necessitative			*usmalïg ben	*usmalïg sen	*usmalïg	*usmalïg biz	*usmalïg siz	*usmalïg
imperative			*usayïn	*us, usgïl	*uszun	*usalïm	*usuŋ	*uszun

Negative

infinitive			*usmamak
participle	present		*usmagan, usmagma, usmaz
	past		*usmaduk, usmamïš
	future		*usmačï, usmasïk, usmayačak
verbal noun			*usmama, usmag, usmagu
way of doing			*usmayuš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*usmaz ben	*usmaz sen	*usmaz	*usmaz biz	*usmaz siz	*usmaz
	past	simple	*usmadum	*usmaduŋ	*usmadï	*usmaduk, usmadumuz	*usmaduŋuz	*usmadï
	past	inferential	*usmamïš ben	*usmamïš sen	*usmamïš	*usmamïš biz	*usmamïš siz	*usmamïš
	future	simple	*usmačï ben, usmayačak ben	*usmačï sen, usmayačak sen	*usmačï, usmayačak	*usmačï biz, usmayačak biz	*usmačï siz, usmayačak siz	*usmačï, usmayačak
		predictive	*usmagay ben	*usmagay sen	*usmagay	*usmagay biz	*usmagay siz	*usmagay
		necessitive	*usmasukum	*usmasukuŋ	*usmasuk	*usmasukumuz	*usmasukuŋuz	*usmasuk
conditional			*usmasam, usmasar ben	*usmasaŋ, usmasar sen	*usmasa, usmasar	*usmasak, usmasamïz, usmasar biz	*usmasaŋïz, usmasar siz	*usmasalar, usmasar
optative			*usmagay ben	*usmagay sen	*usmagay	*usmagay biz	*usmagay siz	*usmagay
progressive			*usmamakda ben	*usmamakda sen	*usmamakda	*usmamakda biz	*usmamakda siz	*usmamakda
necessitative			*usmamalïg ben	*usmamalïg sen	*usmamalïg	*usmamalïg biz	*usmamalïg siz	*usmamalïg
imperative			*usmayayïn	*usma, usmagïl	*usmazun	*usmayalïm	*usmayïŋ	*usmazun

Descendants

Common Turkic:

Karluk: اُسْماقْ (usmāk)^[1]^[2]
Siberian:
- Old Turkic:
  - Old Uyghur: ʾws (us-)
    - Western Yugur: oʰs-

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Ercilasun, Ahmet B., Akkoyunlu Ziyat, transl., Kâşgarlı Mahmud Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Giriş - Metin - Çeviri - Notlar - Dizin [Mahmud al-Kashgari's “Compendium of the languages of the Turks” Introduction - Texts - Translation - Notes - Index] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 1120) (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 2020, →ISBN, page 86
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, pages 36, 166, 286
^ XIII. Yüzyılından Beri Türkiye Türkçesiyle Yazılmış Kitaplarından Toplanan Tanıklarıyle Tarama Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu yayınları; 212)‎^[1] (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 1963–1977
^ Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 516

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “us-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 241
Sevortjan, E. V. (1974) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Nauka, page 606
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*us”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[2], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

[ercilasun-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Ercilasun, Ahmet B., Akkoyunlu Ziyat, transl., Kâşgarlı Mahmud Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Giriş - Metin - Çeviri - Notlar - Dizin [Mahmud al-Kashgari's “Compendium of the languages of the Turks” Introduction - Texts - Translation - Notes - Index] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 1120) (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 2020, →ISBN, page 86

[atalay-2] 2.0 ^2.1 al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, pages 36, 166, 286

[3] XIII. Yüzyılından Beri Türkiye Türkçesiyle Yazılmış Kitaplarından Toplanan Tanıklarıyle Tarama Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu yayınları; 212)‎^[1] (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 1963–1977

[4] Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 516

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