Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-p-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Infix

*-p-

1. Increases the degree of an adjective.

Usage notes

• The infix is preceded by reduplication of the onset and first vowel of the adjective to which it is added.

  ‎*kara (“black”) + ‎*-p- → ‎*kapkara (“so black, jet-black”)

  ‎*yeŋgül (“lightweight”) + ‎*-p- → ‎*yepyeŋgül (“so light (weight)”)

  ‎*uŕïn (“long”) + ‎*-p- → ‎*upuŕïn (“so long”)

Related terms

• *yapyaŋï (“brand new”)
• *kapkara (“jet-black”)

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: -п- (-p-)
• Common Turkic: *-p-:

• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Ottoman Turkish:
      • Turkish: -p-, -s-, -m-, -pa-, -pe-
    • Gagauz: -p-
    • Azerbaijani: -p-
  • Salar: -p-
  • Turkmen: -p-
  • Khorasani Turkish: -p-
  • Qashqai: -p-
• Karluk:
  • Uyghur: ـپـ (-p-)
  • Uzbek: -p-
  • Ili Turki: -p-
  • Äynu: -p-
• Kipchak:
  • South Kipchak:
    • Nogai: -п- (-p-)
    • Kazakh: -п- (-p-)
    • Karakalpak: -p-
  • North Kipchak
    • Tatar: -п- (-p-)
    • Bashkir: -п- (-p-)
    • Siberian Tatar: -п-
  • West Kipchak:
    • Kumyk: -п- (-p-)
    • Crimean Tatar: -п-
    • Karaim: -п-
    • Karachay-Balkar: -п- (-p-)
  • East Kipchak:
    • Kyrgyz: -п- (-p-)
    • Southern Altai: -п- (-p-)