Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/čiāk

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *čag (“time”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*čiāk

time, measure
precisely, exactly

Declension

Declension of *čiāk

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*čiāk
Accusative	čiākïg, čiāknï¹⁾
Genitive	*čiāknïŋ
Dative	*čiākka
Locative	*čiākda
Ablative	*čiākdan
Allative	*čiākgaru
Instrumental ²⁾	*čiākïn
Equative ²⁾	*čiākča
Similative ²⁾	*čiāklayu
Comitative ²⁾	*čiāklïgu

¹⁾ Originally only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.

Descendants

→? Proto-Mongolic: *čag (“time”)
- Mongolian: цаг (cag)
Oghur:
- Chuvash: [script needed] (čox)
Common Turkic:

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: çağ
  - Ottoman Turkish: چاغ (çağ), չաղ (çağ) — Armeno-Turkish
    - Turkish: çağ
    - → Armenian: չաղ (čʻaġ)
- Turkmen: çag
Karluk:
- Uzbek: chogʻ
- Uyghur: چاغ (chagh, “era”)
Kipchak:
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: çağ
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: саҡ (saq)
  - Tatar: чак (çaq)
  - → Chuvash: чух (čuh)
- South Kipchak:
  - Kazakh: шақ (şaq)
- East Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: чак (cak)
  - Southern Altai: чак (čak)
Siberian:
- North Siberian:
  - Yakut: сах (saq)
- South Siberian:
  - Tuvan: шак (şak)
  - Northern Altai: шак (šak)

References

Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*čiāk”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 404