Reconstruction:Proto-Tungusic/giramsa

This Proto-Tungusic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Tungusic

Alternative Reconstructions

• *giramksa, *gïramksa, *gïramsa

Reconstruction Notes

EDAL possibly reconstructs as *giramksa because of the preservation of the *-k- in Nanai, but clearly other descendants reflect otherwise.

Etymology

Possibly from *giram- +‎ *-sa.

Some of descendants presumably show exhibit assimilative change *giramsa > *giramza > **giramna, **giramra; which also happened in *xolsa (“fish”) and *nansa (“skin”).

Noun

*giramsa

1. bone
2. skeleton

Declension

Declension of *giramsa

	Singular
Nominative	*giramsa
Accusative	*giramsaba
Genitive	*giramsaŋī
Dative	*giramsadua
Locative	*giramsala
Ablative	*giramsadiki
Prolative	*giramsali
Elative	*giramsagiʒi
Instrumental	*giramsaʒi
Delative	*giramsalāki
Directive	*giramsatiki
Comitative	*giramsagili

Descendants

• Jurchenic:
  • Jurchen: 吉郎吉 (giranggi /⁠gi-lang-gi⁠/)
    • Manchu: ᡤᡳᡵᠠᠩᡤᡳ (giranggi)
• Tungusic:
  • North Tungusic:
    • Even: гирамра (giramra, “grave”)
    • Evenki: гирамна (giramna)
    • Negidal: гийамна (gijamna)
    • Oroqen: gɪramna
    • Solon: giranda
  • South Tungusic:
    • Central:
      • Oroch: гиамса (giamsa)
      • Udihe: гиама̂ (giamâ)
    • South-Eastern:
      • Nanai: гирмакса (girmaksa)
      • Orok: ги́рапса (gịrapsa)
      • Ulch: ги̇рамса (gịramsa)

References

• Benzing, Johannes (1955) Die tungusischen Sprachen. Versuch einer vergleichenden Grammatik (Abhandlungen der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse; 11) (in German), Wiesbaden: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur in Mainz in Kommission bei Franz Steiner Verlag, page 70
• Cincius, V. I. (1975) Сравнительный словарь тунгусо-маньчжурских языков [Comparative Dictionary of Tungus-Manchu Languages] (in Russian), volume 1, Leningrad: Nauka, page 154
• Kane, Daniel (1989) The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters (Uralic and Altaic Series; vol. 153), Bloomington, Indiana: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University, →ISBN, page 317.