Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/žuti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Earlier root-stem form of Proto-Slavic *žьvati (“to chew”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁-. Akin to Proto-Germanic *kewwaną (“to chew”), Tocharian B śuwaṃ (“to eat”).

Verb

*žuti pf or impf

1. to chew, to gnaw, to masticate

Inflection

Conjugation of *žuti, *žu, *žьvetь (perf., -V/C-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*žutьje	*žuti	*žutъ	*žulъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*žutъ	—
Active	*žuvъ	—

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*žuxъ	*žu	*žu	*žьvǫ	*žьveši	*žьvetь
Dual	*žuxově	*žusta	*žuste	*žьvevě	*žьveta	*žьvete
Plural	*žuxomъ	*žuste	*žušę	*žьvemъ	*žьvete	*žьvǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	—	—	—	—	*žьvi	*žьvi
Dual	—	—	—	*žьvěvě	*žьvěta	—
Plural	—	—	—	*žьvěmъ	*žьvěte	—

Notes:
• In perfective verbs, present expresses future

Within some daughter languages (partially blended with *žьvati):

Conjugation of *žuti, *žu, *žujetь (impf., -V-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*žutьje	*žuti	*žutъ	*žulъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*žutъ	*žujemъ
Active	*žuvъ	*žuję

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*žuxъ	*žu	*žu	*žujǫ	*žuješi	*žujetь
Dual	*žuxově	*žusta	*žuste	*žujevě	*žujeta	*žujete
Plural	*žuxomъ	*žuste	*žušę	*žujemъ	*žujete	*žujǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*žujaaxъ	*žujaaše	*žujaaše	—	*žuji	*žuji
Dual	*žujaaxově	*žujaašeta	*žujaašete	*žujivě	*žujita	—
Plural	*žujaaxomъ	*žujaašete	*žujaaxǫ	*žujimъ	*žujite	—

Derived terms

• *žuvačь m, *žujьka f (agent nouns)
• *žuka, *žuna (“buccal cavity”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old Ukrainian: жути (žuti)
    • Ukrainian: жу́ти (žúty) (obsolescent)
• South Slavic:
  • Bulgarian: жва pf (žva), жву́я impf (žvúja) (obsolescent, dialectal)
    • ⇒ Bulgarian: жево́ля (ževólja, “to grind with teeth”)
  • Macedonian: жве (žve) (obsolete)
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: žut, žít
  • Old Polish: żuć (zvcz)
    • Polish: żuć (partially)
  • Slovak: žuť (partially)
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: žuś (partially)

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “жевать”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “жевать”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 1 (а – пантомима), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 294
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “жеволя”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 529
• А. В. Зеленин, Д. В. Руднев (2018) “Связочный глагол слыть: история модализации”, in Русский язык в научном освещении, number 1 (35), Moscow: ИРЯ РАН, page 87
• Miguel Villanueva Svensson (2011) “The accentuation of the infinitive type Latv. kal̃t, Sl. *kőlti and the development of Indo-European molō-presents in Balto-Slavic”, in Baltistica, →ISSN, page 311