Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/ľudьje

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ljaudejes, nominative plural of *ljaudis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁léwdʰis.

Noun

*ľȗdьje m pl

1. people

Inflection

Declension of *ľȗdьjē, *ľȗďē (i-stem, accent paradigm c, plural only)

	plural
nominative	*ľȗdьjē, *ľȗďē*
genitive	*ľudь̀jь
dative	*ľȗdьmъ
accusative	*ľȗdi
instrumental	*ľudьmì
locative	*ľȗdьxъ
vocative	*ľȗdьjē, *ľȗďē*

^* The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Related terms

• *ľȗdъ
• *ľudinъ, *ľudìna

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: людиѥ (ljudije), люди (ljudi)
    • Old Ruthenian: лю́ди (ljúdi), лу́ди (lúdi), лю́дїе (ljúdije), лу́дїе (lúdije)
      • Old Belarusian: лю́дзи (ljúdzi)
        • Belarusian: лю́дзі (ljúdzi)
      • Ukrainian: лю́ди (ljúdy); лю́де (ljúde) (dialectal)
    • Russian: лю́ди (ljúdi)
    • → Ludian: lüüdi
      • → Finnish: lyydi
        • → English: Ludic
      • → Livvi: livvi
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Cyrillic: людиѥ (ljudije)

    Glagolitic: ⰾⱓⰴⰻⰵ (ljudie)

  • Bulgarian: лю́де (ljúde), лю́ди (ljúdi)
  • Macedonian: луѓе (luǵe)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: љу̑ди

    Latin script: ljȗdi

    • Chakavian (Vrgada, Orbanići): ļȗdi
  • Slovene: ljudjẹ̑ (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: ľudie
    • Czech: lidé
  • Old Polish: ludzie
    • Polish: ludzie
    • Silesian: ludzie
  • Old Slovak: ludzie
    • Pannonian Rusyn: людзе (ljudze)
    • Slovak: ľudia
  • Polabian: ľaudai, ľaudi
  • Pomeranian:
    • Kashubian: lëdze
    • Slovincian: lëdze
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: ludźo
    • Lower Sorbian: luźe

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “люд”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1988), “*ľudъ/*ľudь/*ľuda/*ľudo/*ľudьje”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 15 (*lětina – *lokačь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 194
• Šanskij, N. M. (2004) “люди”, in Školʹnyj etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [School Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Drofa