Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/swiʔ

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *shwiʔ (Coblin, 1986); *swiʔ (Schuessler, 2007)
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *s-hywəy-t (Matisoff, STEDT); *s-hwiy (Benedict, 1972); *(s-)h(y)wə[ː]y  (French, 1983); *s-hwiy(*B) (Coblin, 1986)

This word now means "marrow" in some Tibeto-Burman languages. Chinese 髓 (suǐ) (suǐ < OC *s-lojʔ, "marrow") has also been (possibly incorrectly) assigned as a reflex of this root.

Old Chinese 血 (*qʰʷiːg (ZS), *m̥ˁik (B-S), “blood”) is traditionally connected here but suffers serious phonological problems with its onset, to the point that they might not even related; if they are related, Sagart can only posit a mass Tibeto-Burman borrowing from Chinese.

Noun

*swiʔ

1. blood

Descendants

• Himalayish
  • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Bodic
      • Tibetic
        • >? Tibetan: ཡི་དམ (yi dam, “vow, oath, promise”), ཡིད (yid, “soul, mind”)
    • Lepcha: ᰟᰧ (vi, “blood”)
  • Newar
    • Newar (Dolakhali): हि (hi, “blood”)
    • Newar (Kathmandu): हि (hi, “blood”)
  • Mahakiranti
    • Kiranti
      • Eastern Kiranti = Rai
        • Limbu: ᤔᤠ᤺ᤰᤜᤡ (mākhi, “blood”)
      • Western Kiranti
        • Khaling: हि (hi, “blood”)
        • Dumi: ही (hi, “blood”)
• Tangut-Qiang
  • Northern Tangut
    • Tangut: 𗊴 (*sjij¹, “blood”)
• Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
  • Proto-Lolo-Burmese: *swəj² (“blood”)
    • Burmish
      • Burmese: သွေး (swe:, “blood, disposition, spirit”)
    • Proto-Loloish: *swe² (“blood”) (Bradley, 1979; Weidert, 1987)
      • Northern Loloish
        • Yi (Liangshan): ꌦ (sy, “blood”)
      • Central Loloish
        • Lisu: ꓢꓲꓽ (sɨ̀)
• Proto-Karen: *swiᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)
  • S'gaw Karen: သွံၣ် (thweè)
  • Western Pwo: ၥွံၪ
  • Western Kayah: ꤞꤝꤤ꤬ (thwì)

See also

• *qrak (“blood”)