Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ḡurayb-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

Ultimately onomatopoeic. Compare Latin corvus and Proto-Germanic *hrabnaz, with the same phonetic pattern: velar (+ close or mid-close vowel) + rhotic + bilabial.

Noun

*ḡurayb- m

1. raven, crow

Inflection

Declension of *ḡurayb-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ḡuraybum	*ḡuraybāna	plural stem + *-ūna
Genitive	*ḡuraybim	*ḡuraybayna	plural stem + *-īna
Accusative	*ḡuraybam
possessive forms
1st person	*ḡuraybī / *ḡuraybVya	—	*ḡuraybVni
2nd person m	*ḡuraybVka	*ḡuraybVkumā / *ḡuraybVkumay	*ḡuraybVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*ḡuraybVki		*ḡuraybVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*ḡuraybVšu	*ḡuraybVšumā / *ḡuraybVšumay	*ḡuraybVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*ḡuraybVša		*ḡuraybVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ḡuraybuya for nom. case, *ḡuraybiya for gen. case, *ḡuraybaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ḡurayb- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ḡuraybuka *ḡuraybāka plural stem + *-ūka Genitive *ḡuraybika *ḡuraybayka plural stem + *-īka Accusative *ḡuraybaka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ḡurayb- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ḡuraybuki *ḡuraybāki plural stem + *-ūki Genitive *ḡuraybiki *ḡuraybayki plural stem + *-īki Accusative *ḡuraybaki

Descendants

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒌑𒉁𒂵 (erēbum, ḫerēbum, arēbu)
  • Eblaite: 𒂵𒌷𒅤 (ga-ri₂-bu₃ /⁠ḡarību⁠/), 𒄩𒌷𒅤𒌝 (ḫa-ri₂-bu₃-um /⁠ḡarībum⁠/)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: غُرَاب (ḡurāb)
      • Maltese: għorab, għarab
      • Moroccan Arabic: غراب (ḡrāb)
      • → Ottoman Turkish: غراب (gurab)
      • → South Levantine Arabic: غراب (ḡurāb) (learned)
    • Northwest Semitic:
      • Aramaic:
        • Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Jewish Literary Aramaic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: עוֹרְבָא (ʿūrḇā)
        • Classical Syriac: ܥܽܘܪܒܳܐ (ʿūrḇā)
      • Canaanite:
        • Hebrew: עוֹרֵב ('orév, ʿôrēḇ)
  • Modern South Arabian:
    • Mehri: haġaráyb, yəġəráyb, yəġərēb
    • Shehri: ʾaġəréb
    • Soqotri: ʾáʿrəb
• → Old Armenian: ագռաւ (agṙaw) (possibly)