Reconstruction:Proto-Oceanic/kapika

This Proto-Oceanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Oceanic

Noun

*kapika

A plant of the genus Syzygium, especially the Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense)^[1]^[2]

Descendants

Admiralty Islands
- Lou: keik
- Seimat: ahi
Western Oceanic
- Meso–Melanesian
  - St. Matthias
    - Mussau-Emira: kaviu
  - Willaumez
    - Babatana: kapika
    - Bulu (New Guinea): kavika
    - Nakanai: gaiva
- North New Guinea
  - Ngero–Vitiaz
    - Jabem: àiŋ
    - Mengen: gaiva
    - Tami: kapig
Central-Eastern Oceanic
- Southeast Solomonic
  - Bugotu–Gela
    - Gela: gaviga
  - Malaita–Makira
    - Arosi: 'ahi'a
    - Bauro: gahiga
    - Kwara'ae: 'afi'o
    - Lau: afio
    - Owa: gafiga
- Temotu
  - >? Äiwoo: näve (< *na-kapika)
  - Teanu: ahie
- Southern Oceanic
  - Northern Vanuatu
    - Raga: gaviga
    - Sungwadia: gafiga
    - Espiritu Santo
      - Araki: haviha
      - Fortsenal: avia
      - Nokuku: kevika
      - Sakao: ne (< *na-kapika)
      - Tamambo: haviha
    - South Pentecost
      - Apma: kavik
    - Torres–Banks
      - Hiw: gevige
      - Lo-Toga: gevige
      - Mota: gaviga
      - Mwesen: gēvēg
      - Mwotlap: nagvēg
      - Vurës: gavēg
  - Central Vanuatu
    - Ambrym–Paama–Epi
      - Daakaka: have
      - Lewo: kavika
      - Namakura: kavik
      - Paamese: ahie
    - Malakula
      - Eastern
        Axamb: havëh
        
        Maskelynes: haveh
        
        Port Sandwich: xavik
        
        Northeast Malakula: navi (< *na-kapika)
      - Western
        Avava: avik (< *a-kapika)
        
        Big Nambas: nav˝h (< *na-kapika)
        
        Labo: nevüke (< *na-kapika)
        
        Litzlitz: naavëkh (< *na-kapika)
        
        Maragus: niivëkh (< *na-kapika)
        
        Neverver: nakhavikh (< *na-kapika)
    - Shepherds-Efate
      - North Efate: nakavika (< *na-kapika)
        → Bislama: nakavika
      - South Efate: nkavik (< *na-kapika)
- South Vanuatu: *nə-ɣaviɣ (< *na-kapika) (Lynch 2001, p. 243)
  - Aneityum: inyehec (-y- is unexplained)^[3]
  - Tanna
    - Kwamera: nova
    - Lenakel: nəkəvək
- New Caledonian-Loyalties
  - Iaai: xöiö
  - Kumak: caac
  - Nyelâyu: câc
  - Xârâcùù: këù
  - Yuanga: caai
Central Pacific
- Rotuman: hahi‘a (incomplete hahiạ‘)
- Fijian: kavika
- Proto-Polynesian: *kafika
  - Proto-Nuclear Polynesian:
    - Proto-Eastern Polynesian:
      - Marquesic
        Hawaiian: ʻōhiʻa
        → English: ohia
        
        → English: ohia
        
        Mangarevan: keʻika
        
        North Marquesan: kehika
        
        South Marquesan: keʻika
      - Tahitic
        Austral: haʻiʻa
        
        Maori: kahika
        ⇒ Maori: kahikatea (+ tea "white")
        → English: kahikatea
        
        → English: kahika
        
        >? Rapa: kaeka
        
        Rarotongan: kaʻika
        
        Tahitian: ʻahiʻa
        → Rapa Nui: hiha
    - Samoic-Outlier
      - >? Samoan: fi'afi'a
      - Ellician
        Nuguria: kahika
        
        Ontong Java: 'ahi'a
    - Futunic
      - Anuta: kapika
      - East Futuna: kafika
      - Futuna-Aniwa: kafika
      - Mele-Fila: kafika
      - Pileni: kahika
      - Tikopia: kafika
      - Wallisian: kafika
      - West Uvean: kafika
      - → Niuean: kafika
  - Tongic
    - Niuean: fekakai
    - Tongan: fekika

References

^ Malcolm D. Ross, Andrew Pawley, Meredith Osmond, editors (2008), The lexicon of Proto-Oceanic (Asia-Pacific Linguistics; 599), volume 3, Plants, Canberra: Australian National University, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 348
^ Ross Clark (2009) *Leo Tuai: A comparative lexical study of North and Central Vanuatu languages (Asia-Pacific Linguistics; 603), Canberra: Australian National University, →ISBN, pages 112-113
^ John Lynch (2001) The linguistic history of southern Vanuatu (Asia-Pacific Linguistics; 509), Canberra: Australian National University, →DOI, →ISBN, →OCLC

[1] Malcolm D. Ross, Andrew Pawley, Meredith Osmond, editors (2008), The lexicon of Proto-Oceanic (Asia-Pacific Linguistics; 599), volume 3, Plants, Canberra: Australian National University, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 348

[2] Ross Clark (2009) *Leo Tuai: A comparative lexical study of North and Central Vanuatu languages (Asia-Pacific Linguistics; 603), Canberra: Australian National University, →ISBN, pages 112-113

[3] John Lynch (2001) The linguistic history of southern Vanuatu (Asia-Pacific Linguistics; 509), Canberra: Australian National University, →DOI, →ISBN, →OCLC

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