Reconstruction:Proto-Northeast Caucasian/ɬ:ɔn

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This Proto-Northeast Caucasian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Northeast Caucasian

Alternative reconstructions

#ɬ:in, class 4^[1]
*x̱änɦï^[2]

Noun

*ɬ:ɔn (class 4) (oblique stem *ɬ:ɨ́n(w)V- /ˈɬ:ɨn.(w)V/)

water

Reconstruction notes

This is a tentative reconstruction, as Proto-Avar-Andi-Tsezic *ɬ:ɨn and Proto-Nakh *xi (obl. *xi- or *xin-) both only allow us to reconstruct Proto-Northeast-Caucasian *ɬ:ɨn. However, Lezghian data suggests that this may be the "*ɨ-grade" ablaut form of a noun whose absolutive form (unmarked) contains the vowel *ɔ, if the vowel alterations in Tsaxur x'an (obl. xine-), Rutul xäd (obl. xiji-), Kryz xäd (obl. xidi-), Khinalug xu (obl. xɨn-) are cognate to Proto-Nakh and Proto-Avar-Andi-Tsezic ablaut, but more work needs to be done to establish whether or not that's true (Schrijver 2021:143).

Descendants

From oblique stem *ɬ:ɨ́n(w)V-
- Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ɬ:ɨn (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tsezian: *ɬ:ɨn (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Nakh: *xi (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations, some retaining the ablaut:
- Proto-Dargwa: *xin (see there for further descendants)
- Khinalug: хьу (xu)
- Lak: шин (šin)
- Proto-Lezghian: *ʎ:än: (see there for further descendants)

References

Schrijver, Peter (2021) “A history of the vowel systems of the Nakh languages (East Caucasian), with special reference to umlaut in Chechen and Ingush”, in Languages of the Caucasus‎^[2], volume 5, →DOI, →ISSN, page 143: “*χi”

^ Nichols, Johanna (2003) “The Nakh-Daghestanian consonant correspondences”, in Dee Ann Holisky, Kevin Tuite, editors, Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian Linguistics: Papers in honor of Howard I. Aronson, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, →DOI, page 263
^ Nikolaev, Sergei L., Starostin, Sergei A. (1994) “*x_ä̆nɦɨ̆”, in A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary‎^[1], Moscow: Asterisk Publishers

[1] Nichols, Johanna (2003) “The Nakh-Daghestanian consonant correspondences”, in Dee Ann Holisky, Kevin Tuite, editors, Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian Linguistics: Papers in honor of Howard I. Aronson, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, →DOI, page 263

[2] Nikolaev, Sergei L., Starostin, Sergei A. (1994) “*x_ä̆nɦɨ̆”, in A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary‎^[1], Moscow: Asterisk Publishers

[1]

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