Reconstruction:Proto-Norse/ᚹᚢᚱᚲᛁᛃᚨᚾ

This Proto-Norse entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Norse

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *wurkijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵyéti,

Verb

*ᚹᚢᚱᚲᛁᛃᚨᚾ (*wurkijan)

to work, compose
- c. 200–400, Tune stone^[1]
  ᛖᚲᚹᛁᚹᚨᛉᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ᛫ᚹᛟᛞᚢᚱᛁ ¶ ᛞᛖᚹᛁᛏᚨᛞᚨᚺᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᚾ ᛬ ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ ᛬ ᚱ[ ] […]
  ekwiwaʀafter·woduri ¶ dewitadahalaiban : worahto : r[ ] […]
  /ek Wīwaʀ after Wōdurīdē witandahᵃlaiban worᵃhtō r[ūnōʀ?] […] /
  I Wīwaʀ, in memory of Wōdurīdaʀ, (my) lord, wrought the r[unes?]
- c. 200–500, By runestone^[2]
  ᛖᚲᛁᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉᚺᚱᛟᛉᚨᛉᚺᚱᛟᛉᛖᛉᛟᚱᛏᛖᚦᚨᚾᚨᛉᛁᚾᚨ […]
  ekirilaʀhroʀaʀhroʀeʀorteþanaʀina […]
  /ek irilaʀ Hrōʀaʀ Hrōʀēʀ ortē þan aʀina […] /
  I, the earl Hrōʀaʀ, son/descendant of Hrōʀaʀ, wrought this hearthstone […]
- c. 440–560, inscription on the Tjurkö 1 bracteate^[3]:
  ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖᚱᚢᚾᛟᛉᚨᚾᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᚲᚢᚱᚾᛖ ᛫᛫ ᚺᛖᛚᛞᚨᛉᚲᚢᚾᛁᛗᚢᛞᛁᚢ ᛫᛫᛫
  wurterunoʀanwalhakurne ·· heldaʀkunimudiu ···
  /wurtē rūnōʀ · an walhakurnē,
  Heldaʀ Kunimundiu/
  Heldaʀ wrought the runes on the foreign/Roman grain [the gold] for Kunimunduʀ.

Conjugation

(infinitive) — *ᚹᚢᚱᚲᛁᛃᚨᚾ (*wurkijan)
(first-person singular past active indicative) — ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ (worahto /⁠worᵃhtō⁠/)
(third-person singular past active indicative) — ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖ (wurte /⁠wurtē⁠/), ᛟᚱᛏᛖ (orte /⁠ortē⁠/)

Derived terms

*ᚹᚢᚱᚲᛁᛃᚨᛉ (*wurkijaʀ, “worker, composer”, agen noun)

Descendants

Old Norse: yrkja
- Icelandic: yrkja, orka
- Faroese: yrkja, orka
- Norwegian:
  - Norwegian Bokmål: yrke, orke
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: yrkja, yrke, orka, orke
- Elfdalian: yrtja, uorka
- Old Swedish: yrkia, orka
  - Swedish: yrka, orka
- Old Danish: yrkæ, orkæ
  - Danish: ørke, orke
- Old Gutnish: yrkia, orka
  - Gutnish: yrke, orke
- → Middle English: irken
  - English: irk

References

^ Inscription/entry N KJ72 in the RuneS-Database ot the research project Runic Writing in the Germanic Languages (RuneS) of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Lower Saxony, 2024.
^ Inscription/entry N KJ71 in the RuneS-Database ot the research project Runic Writing in the Germanic Languages (RuneS) of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Lower Saxony, 2024.
^ Inscription/entry IK 184 in the RuneS-Database ot the research project Runic Writing in the Germanic Languages (RuneS) of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Lower Saxony, 2024.

[1] Inscription/entry N KJ72 in the RuneS-Database ot the research project Runic Writing in the Germanic Languages (RuneS) of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Lower Saxony, 2024.

[2] Inscription/entry N KJ71 in the RuneS-Database ot the research project Runic Writing in the Germanic Languages (RuneS) of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Lower Saxony, 2024.

[3] Inscription/entry IK 184 in the RuneS-Database ot the research project Runic Writing in the Germanic Languages (RuneS) of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Lower Saxony, 2024.

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