Reconstruction:Proto-Norse/ᚹᚢᚱᚲᛁᛃᚨᚾ

This Proto-Norse entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Norse

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *wurkijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵyéti,

Verb

*ᚹᚢᚱᚲᛁᛃᚨᚾ (*wurkijan)

1. to work, compose
   • c. 200–400, Tune stone

     ᛖᚲᚹᛁᚹᚨᛉᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ᛫ᚹᛟᛞᚢᚱᛁ ¶ ᛞᛖᚹᛁᛏᚨᛞᚨᚺᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᚾ ᛬ ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ ᛬ ᚱ[ ] […]

     ekwiwaʀafter·woduri ¶ dewitadahalaiban : worahto : r[ ] […]

     /ek Wīwaʀ after Wōdurīdē witandahᵃlaiban worᵃhtō r[ūnōʀ?] […] /

     I Wīwaʀ, in memory of Wōdurīdaʀ, (my) lord, wrought the r[unes?]

   • c. 200–500, By runestone

     ᛖᚲᛁᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉᚺᚱᛟᛉᚨᛉᚺᚱᛟᛉᛖᛉᛟᚱᛏᛖᚦᚨᚾᚨᛉᛁᚾᚨ […]

     ekirilaʀhroʀaʀhroʀeʀorteþanaʀina […]

     /ek irilaʀ Hrōʀaʀ Hrōʀēʀ ortē þan aʀina […] /

     I, the earl Hrōʀaʀ, son/descendant of Hrōʀaʀ, wrought this hearthstone […]

   • c. 440–560, inscription on the Tjurkö 1 bracteate:

     ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖᚱᚢᚾᛟᛉᚨᚾᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᚲᚢᚱᚾᛖ ᛫᛫ ᚺᛖᛚᛞᚨᛉᚲᚢᚾᛁᛗᚢᛞᛁᚢ ᛫᛫᛫

     wurterunoʀanwalhakurne ·· heldaʀkunimudiu ···

     /wurtē rūnōʀ · an walhakurnē,
     Heldaʀ Kunimundiu/

     Heldaʀ wrought the runes on the foreign/Roman grain [the gold] for Kunimunduʀ.

Conjugation

• (infinitive) — *ᚹᚢᚱᚲᛁᛃᚨᚾ (*wurkijan)
• (first-person singular past active indicative) — ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ (worahto /⁠worᵃhtō⁠/)
• (third-person singular past active indicative) — ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖ (wurte /⁠wurtē⁠/), ᛟᚱᛏᛖ (orte /⁠ortē⁠/)

Derived terms

• *ᚹᚢᚱᚲᛁᛃᚨᛉ (*wurkijaʀ, “worker, composer”, agen noun)

Descendants

• Old Norse: yrkja
  • Icelandic: yrkja, orka
  • Faroese: yrkja, orka
  • Norwegian:
    • Norwegian Bokmål: yrke, orke
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: yrkja, yrke, orka, orke
  • Elfdalian: yrtja, uorka
  • Old Swedish: yrkia, orka
    • Swedish: yrka, orka
  • Old Danish: yrkæ, orkæ
    • Danish: ørke, orke
  • Old Gutnish: yrkia, orka
    • Gutnish: yrke, orke
  • → Middle English: irken
    • English: irk