Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/maN-

This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Etymology

Portmanteau of *-um- and *paN-.

Prefix

*maN-

inflectional prefix marking actor voice

Usage notes

The -N- in this prefix is an archiphoneme representing all mutations affecting the next initial consonant, or less likely an orthographic form of -Ŋŋ-:

Before voiceless obstruents (*k, *p, *s, *t), this suffix becomes *maŋ-, *mam-, *mañ-, *man- respectively with deletion of the following initial consonant:
- *kaən (“to eat”) → *maŋaən
- *piliq (“to choose”) → *mamiliq
- *tənun (“to weave”) → *manənun
- *sapu (“to wipe”) → *mañapu
Before voiced obstruents (*b, *d, *g, *z) and the dental sonorant *l, it has allomorphs similar to above except the initial consonant is not deleted:
- *bəli (“to buy”) → *mambəli
- *dəŋəʀ (“to hear”) → *mandəŋəʀ
- *giliŋ (“to roll”) → *maŋgiliŋ
- *zaqit (“to sew”) → *mañzaqit
- The last assimilation is not represented, at least orthographically, in any Austronesian languages.
- Although the dental trill phoneme *r does exist in both Proto-Malayo-Polynesian and Proto-Austronesian, it is extremely rare in word-initial position.
Before other consonants (including *q, phonologically an obstruent and *ʀ) and all vowels, maŋ- is used instead.
- *qəti (“to stop”) → *maŋqəti
- *ulaŋ (“to repeat”) → *maŋulaŋ
- *ʀaməs (“to squeeze”) → *maŋʀaməs

Descendants

Proto-Philippine: *maN-
- Northern Luzon
  - Ilocano: mang-
  - Pangasinan: mang-
- Central Luzon
  - Kapampangan: mang-
- Greater Central Philippine
  - Central Philippine
    - Tagalog: mang-
    - Bisayan
      - Cebuano: mang-
Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan: *maN-
- Proto-Malayic: *mAN-
  - Minangkabau: mang-
  - Malay: meng-
    - Indonesian: meng-
Old Javanese: (m)aN-
South Sulawesi
- Makasar: aN-

References

Ross, Malcolm (2002). "The history and transitivity of western Austronesian voice and voice-marking". In Fay Wouk and Malcolm Ross (eds.), The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems, 17–62. Canberra: Paciﬁc Linguistics.