Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/kukuh

This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Etymology

From earlier *kuhkuh, from Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kukuh/

Noun

*kukuh

nail (on fingers and toes)

Descendants

Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
- Central Malayo-Polynesian:
  - Komodo: wuku
  - Manggarai: huku
- Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
  - Proto-Oceanic: *kuku
    - Central-Eastern Oceanic:
      - Central Oceanic:
        East Fijian-Polynesian:
        Fijian: kuku
        Proto-Polynesian: *akikuku, *matikuku, *maqikuku (see there for further descendants)
        West Fijian-Rotuman:
        Rotuman: mänʻuʻu
        Western Fijian: kuku
      - Micronesian:
        Chuukese: kkú
        Pohnpeian: kihk
        Woleaian: kiu
      - Southeast Solomonic:
        Gela: gugu
    - Western Oceanic:
      - Nakanai: lakuku
      - Numbami: kuku
Western Malayo-Polynesian:
- Barito:
  - East Barito:
    - Ma'anyan: kuku
    - Malagasy: hoho
  - Sama-Bajaw:
    - Central Sama: kukku, kuku
    - Mapun: kuku
    - Yakan: kukku
- Proto-Philippine: *kukuh
  - Asi: kuko
  - Bikol Central: kuko
  - Cebuano: kuko
  - Ilocano: kuko
  - Ivatan: kokoh
  - Limos Kalinga: kuku
  - Maranao: kanoko
  - Tagalog: kuko
  - Tausug: kukku
- Celebic:
  - Mori Atas: kuku
  - Wawonii: kuku
- Moklenic:
  - Moken: kekoi
  - Moklen: kukoi
- Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:
  - Proto-Malayo-Chamic:
    - Proto-Chamic: *kukɔw
      - Acehnese: gukèë, gukee
      - Coastal Chamic:
        Cham:
        Eastern Cham: kakŏw
        Western Cham: kakau
        Haroi: kờkău
      - Highlands Chamic:
        Jarai: tơkâo
        Rade: kkâo
        Northern Chamic:
        Tsat: kaw²¹
    - Proto-Malayic: *kuku
      - Iban: kukut
      - Kendayan: kuku
      - Malayan:
        Brunei Malay: kuku
        Malay: kuku
        Indonesian: kuku
        Minangkabau: kuku
      - Urak Lawoi': กูกู (kuku)
  - Sundanese: ᮊᮥᮊᮥ (kuku)