Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/kəpa

This Proto-Japonic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Japonic

Adjective

*kəpa

1. hard

Descendants

• Old Japanese: 強し (ko₂pa)
  • Japanese: 強い (kowai)
    • ⇒ Japanese: 怖い (kowai, “frightening, scary”)
• Proto-Ryukyuan: *kowa, *kopa
  • Northern Ryukyuan:
    • Kikai: 強さい (fubasai)
    • Kunigami: 強ーしぇん (fupāshen)
    • Northern Amami Ōshima: 強さり (xohasari)
    • Okinawan: 強さん (kufasan)
    • Okinoerabu: 強さん (fāsan)
    • Southern Amami Ōshima: 強ーさむっ (kwahāsam)
    • Tokunoshima: 強ーい (kwāi)
    • Yoron: 強さん (fupasan)
  • Southern Ryukyuan:
    • Miyako: 強 (kupa)
    • Yaeyama: 強さん (kōsan)
    • Yonaguni: 強ん (kwan), 強ーん (kwān)

References

• Samuel E. Martin (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 833