Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/Hr̥dwáh

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *r̥Hdʰwás.

Adjective

*Hr̥dwáh

1. high, upright

Descendants

• Central Iranian
  • Younger Avestan: 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬡𐬀 (ər^əδβa)
• Northeastern Iranian
  • Ossetian: уырды́г (wyrdýg) (<* Hr̥dwaka-)
  • Khotanese: [script needed] (ulä)
  • Khwarezmian: ارذبک (ʾrδbk /⁠*ərδβē⁠/)
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Kurdish:

    Northern Kurdish: hil-, hel-

    Central Kurdish: ھەڵ- (hell-)

    Southern Kurdish: ئەڵ- (ell-), ھەڵ- (hell-)

  • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
    • Kermanic:
      • Natanzi: ار (or)
      • Zoroastrian Dari: ور (vor, “upward”)
    • Zaza-Gorani
      • Gurani: ھۆر (hɔr)
      • Zazaki: er
• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Middle Persian: (/⁠ul⁠/, “up(wards)”) (used as single word or prefix)

    Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭫𐭠𐭫𐭠 (LALA)

    Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫇𐫓 (ʾwl)

    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (LALA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾwl)

    Pazend script: 𐬎𐬮 (ul), 𐬬𐬀𐬮 (val)

    • Classical Persian: ال (ul, “up”) (only used in Zoroastrian texts and as single word or prefix)
  • Southwestern Fars:
    • Old Kazeruni: ال (al-, “up-”) (only used as prefix; e.g. الستدین (alistadīn, “to wake up, stand up”))