Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/dušHnā́ma

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From *duš- (“bad”) +‎ *Hnā́ma (“name”).

Noun

*dušHnā́ma n

1. an insult

Descendants

• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Baluchi: دشمان (dušmàn), دژمان (dužmàn)
  • Kurdish:

    Central Kurdish: جنێو (cnêw), جوێن (cwên)

    Northern Kurdish: dijûn, dicûn

    Southern Kurdish: دشمین (dişmîn), دژمین (dijmîn), دژمان (dijman)

    Laki: دوشمین (duşmîn)

  • Proto-Medo-Parthian: *dušnā́ma
    • Gurani: دژمانی (dižmanī)
    • Old Median: *dušnā́ma
      • Kermanic:
        • Zoroastrian Dari, Meymehi: دشمون (dušmūn)
        • Zoroastrian Dari: دشوون (dušvūn)
      • Talysh: (/⁠dəšmān⁠/)

        Arabic script: دشمان

        Latin script: dəşman

• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Middle Persian: (“with a bad reputation”)

    Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫋𐫗𐫀𐫖 (dwjnʾm /⁠dužnām⁠/)

    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dwšnʾm /⁠dušnām⁠/)

    • Lurish:

      Bakhtiari: دشمون (došmūn)

    • Persian: دشنام (došnâm), دژنام (dožnām)
      • → Baluchi: دژنام (dožnàm)
      • → Zoroastrian Dari: دشنوم (dušnūm)
  • Larestani: دُشتَم (doštam)