Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/Hácwā

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

Presumably from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćwanā ~ *Hćunás, from Proto-Indo-European *Héḱ-wō ~ *Hḱ-unés, possibly from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), compare *h₂éḱmō (“stone”), and perhaps Hittite [script needed] (^NA4hé-kur /⁠^NA4hekur⁠/, “rock-temple”).

A merger likely occured with the descendants of *Hácwr̥ ~ *Hcwán (“ploughshare”), whence Ossetian ӕфсӕн (æfsæn, “ploughshare”), Middle Persian 𐫃𐫀𐫇 𐫀𐫀𐫍𐫇𐫗 (gʾw ʾʾhwn /⁠gāwāhun⁠/, “ploughshare”), Central Kurdish گاسن (gasn, “ploughshare”), derived from the same root.

Noun

*Hácwā ~ *Hcunáh m

iron, ironstone

Derived terms

*Hácwanyah (“of iron”)^[1] (+ *-yah)
- Proto-Scythian: *aswani (see there for further descendants)
- Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾspny), [script needed] (sbny /⁠(ə)spanī⁠/, “iron; of iron”)
- Sogdian: ܣܦܝܢ sg (spyn /⁠(ə)spen, (ə)span⁠/), [Syriac needed] pl (spyntʾ, “iron; iron fetter; chain”)
  - ⇒ Sogdian: ܣܦܢܝܩ (spnyq), [Syriac needed] (sfnyq /⁠spanīk, sfanīk⁠/, “iron; of iron”)
- Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsyn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾhyn' /⁠āsēn, āhēn⁠/)
  - ⇒ Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsynyn' /⁠āhēnēn⁠/, “iron; of iron”)
*Háyahcwanah^[2] (+ *Háyah (“iron, metal”))
- Proto-Scythian: *ēswani
  - Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *ēśwani
    - Proto-Saka: *hēśśani
      - Khotanese: [script needed] (hīśśanä)
    - Wakhi: išn, yišn
*HcwánayHnah (“of iron”) (+ *-ayHnah)
- Old Avestan: *spanaēna
  - ⇒ Old Avestan: *haospanaēna (literally “of good iron”) (+ 𐬵𐬎- (hu-))
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬯𐬀𐬟𐬥𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 f (haosafnaēna, “of steel”)
- Khwarezmian: [script needed] (spnynk)
- Sogdian: 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼀𐼊𐼏 (ʾspnʾyn /⁠(ə)spanēn⁠/, “iron; of iron”)
  - ⇒ Sogdian: (/⁠(ə)spanēnč⁠/, “iron; of iron”)
    Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫛𐫗𐫏𐫗𐫝 (spnync), 𐫘𐫛𐫗𐫏𐫗𐫝𐫀 (spnyncʾ)
    
    Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (spnync), [Syriac needed] (spnyncʾ)
  - ⇒ Sogdian: (/⁠(ə)spanēnē⁠/, “iron; of iron”)
    Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫗𐫏𐫗𐫏 (ʾspnyny)
    
    Old Sogdian script: 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼀𐼀𐼋 (ʾspnʾynʾʾk), 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼀𐼋 (ʾspnʾynʾk), 𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼀𐼊 (spnʾynʾy), 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼊𐼎𐼀𐼋 (ʾspnynʾk), 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼎𐼊 (ʾspnny)

Descendants

Southeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Pathan: *ṓspəna^[3]^[4]
  - Pashto: وسپنه f (wë́spëna), اوسپنه (óspëna)
- Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi:
  - Ishkashimi: [script needed] (ṣ̌pïn)
  - Sanglechi: [script needed] (ᵊšpōṇ)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *ūspən
  - Proto-Munji-Yidgha: *ȫspən
    - Munji: [script needed] (yūspə́n)
    - Yidgha: رسپن (rispën)
  - Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *æspən
    - Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *spən
      - Sarikoli: spin, sipin
      - Shughni: сипин (sipin), (Khufi) сипун (sipun), (Oroshori) [Term?] (“sẹpin”)
    - Yazghulami: сәпон (səpon), спон (spon), сәпй̊н (səpẙn), спй̊н (spẙn)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: آسن (âsin, âsan)
- Kurdish:
  Central Kurdish: ئاسن (asn)
  
  Northern Kurdish: hesin, asin
  
  Southern Kurdish: ئاسن (asn)
- Proto-Medo-Parthian:
  - Caspian:
    - Gilaki: آسین (āsīn)
    - Mazanderani: آئن (āen), آیین (āyin)
  - Lasgerdi: آسین (āsīn)
  - Old Median:
    - Middle Median:
      - Kermanic: (Zoroastrian Dari) vohen
      - Harzani: اسن (ösön)
      - Talysh: آسین (âsin), اسون (asön)
    - Semnani: آسین (āsīn)
  - Parthian: 𐫀𐫘𐫇𐫗 (ʾswn /⁠āsun⁠/)
    - ⇒ Parthian: 𐫀𐫘𐫇𐫗𐫏𐫗 (ʾswnyn), 𐫀𐫀𐫘𐫇𐫗𐫏𐫗 (ʾʾswnyn)
  - Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
    - Gurani: ئاسن (āsen)
    - Zazaki: asın (āsen)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: *asā ~ *aθunaʰ
  - Middle Persian: (/⁠āhun, āhan⁠/)
    Middle Persian: 𐫀𐫍𐫇𐫗 (ʾhwn)
    
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾhn')
    - Lurish:
      Northern Luri: آهه (āhe)
      
      Bakhtiari: آهن (āhen)
    - Classical Persian: آهن (āhan)
      Dari: آهن (āhan)
      
      Iranian Persian: آهن (āhan, āhen)
      
      Tajik: оҳан (ohan)
      
      Tat: ohu
      - → Baluchi: آهن (àhin)
      - Mazanderani: آهین (āhīn)
      - → Zoroastrian Dari: آهن (āhen)
      - → Yagnobi: оҳан (ohan)

References

^ Bailey, H. W. (1979) “hīśśana-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, pages 486-487: “*aśu̯anya-; *aśu̯ana-”
^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000) “*ai̯ah-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 146-147: “*ai̯ah- + *śu̯ana-,”
^ Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎^[1], Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 399: “*ātsu̯anii̯ā”
^ Morgenstierne, Georg (2003) “'ospəna”, in Elfenbein, J., MacKenzie, D. N., Sims-Williams, Nicholas, editors, A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 18: “Indo-Ir *ā̆ś(u)u̯an(y)ā- > Pš *auspana-; cf. Khot hīśśana- (DKS 486), Khwar ʾspny, Sogd spnync; Man MPrs ʾʾhwn (< *āθuna-), Pth ʾʾswn; Bal, Kurd āsin (< *āsuna-)”

[Bailey-1] Bailey, H. W. (1979) “hīśśana-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, pages 486-487: “*aśu̯anya-; *aśu̯ana-”

[2] Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000) “*ai̯ah-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 146-147: “*ai̯ah- + *śu̯ana-,”

[3] Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎^[1], Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 399: “*ātsu̯anii̯ā”

[4] Morgenstierne, Georg (2003) “'ospəna”, in Elfenbein, J., MacKenzie, D. N., Sims-Williams, Nicholas, editors, A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 18: “Indo-Ir *ā̆ś(u)u̯an(y)ā- > Pš *auspana-; cf. Khot hīśśana- (DKS 486), Khwar ʾspny, Sogd spnync; Man MPrs ʾʾhwn (< *āθuna-), Pth ʾʾswn; Bal, Kurd āsin (< *āsuna-)”

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