Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/twr̥Háti

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)twr̥H-é-ti, from *(s)twerH-.

Verb

*twr̥Háti

1. to hurry, hasten

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Aryan: *twr̥Háti
  • Sanskrit: तुरति (turáti, “to hurry”)
    • ⇒ Sanskrit: तुर (turá, “prompt”)
    • ⇒ Sanskrit: तुर (turí, “swift”)
    • ⇒ Sanskrit: तुरया (turayā, “quickly”)
    • ⇒ Sanskrit: तुरण (turaṇa, “swift”)
      • ⇒ Sanskrit: तुरण्यति (turaṇyati, “to hurry, be quick”)
  • ⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *twr̥Hnás
    • Sanskrit: तूर्णस् (tūrnás, “quickly”)
  • ⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *twr̥Htás
    • Sanskrit: त्वरा (tūrtá, “expeditious, quick”)
• Proto-Iranian: *θwr̥Háti
  • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *niθwr̥Háti (+ *ni-)
    • Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬝 (niduuārat̰, “to hasten”, 3sg.pres.act.subj.) (contaminated by 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (duuaraⁱti, “to run”))
    • Middle Persian: (“to hurry”)

      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (nswbʾlyh /⁠nihārih⁠/)

      Persian: نهاریدن (/⁠nehāridan⁠/, “to escape”)

    • Parthian: (/⁠niδfārīd⁠/, “to hasten, hurry”)

      Manichaean script: 𐫗𐫏𐫅𐫜𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫅 (nydfʾryd), 𐫗𐫏𐫅𐫜𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫏𐫅 (nydfʾryyd)

      • → Arabic: نفار (/⁠nifār⁠/)

    • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *niθwr̥Htáh
      • Parthian: (“hastening, swift”)

        Manichaean script: 𐫗𐫏𐫅𐫜𐫇𐫡𐫅𐫃 (nydfwrdg /⁠niδfurdag⁠/)

  • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *upaθwr̥Hati (+ *upa-)
    • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *upaθwr̥Háh
      • Sogdian: [script needed] (pδβʾr /⁠pθfār, pθvār⁠/)