Reconstruction:Proto-Hmong-Mien/ntshjamˣ

This Proto-Hmong-Mien entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Hmong-Mien

Etymology

Compare Austroasiatic: Proto-Austroasiatic *ɕaːm.

Noun

*ntshjamˣ

1. blood

Descendants

• Hmongic
  • Pa Hng
    • Pa Hng - Gundong 滚董: ȵ̥ei³¹
    • Hm Nai - Mao'ao 毛坳: ȵtɕʰe³¹³
  • North Hmongic
    • West Xiangxi (Xong) - Layiping 腊乙坪: ȵtɕʰi⁴⁴
    • East Xiangxi (Suang) - Xiaozhang 小章: tsʰi⁵⁵
  • East Hmongic
    • North Qiandong - Yanghao 养蒿: ɕʰaŋ³⁵
    • East Qiandong - Caidiwan 菜地湾: ɕan³³
    • South Qiandong - Yaogao 尧告: sam⁵³
    • West Qiandong (Raojia) - Heba 河坝: ɕʰẽ¹³
  • Sheic
    • Younuo 优诺: tsʰun³³
    • Jiongnai - Longhua 龙华: θi⁵³
    • Bana 巴那: biŋ⁴⁴
    • She - Xiashuicun 下水村: si⁵⁵
  • West Hmongic
    • Bunu
      • Dongnu - Qibainong 七百弄: ntsʰəŋ⁵³
      • Nunu - Xishan 西山: səŋ³⁵
      • Numao - Yaolu 瑶麓: ntsʰan¹³
    • Core
      • East Luobuohe (Xijia) - Shibanqiao 石板寨: tə⁰²ntsʰen⁴⁴
      • West Luobuohe - Gaozhai 高寨: tə⁰²ntsʰen⁴⁴
      • Huishui - Gaopo 高坡: nsʰõ¹³
      • Mashan - Zongdi 宗地: ntsua²³²
      • A-Hmao - Shimenpo 石门坡: ɳtʂʰaɯ⁵⁵
      • Chuanqiandian - Dananshan 大南山: ntʂʰaŋ⁵⁵
• Mienic
  • Mien
    • Guangdian (Jiangdi): dzjaːm⁵²
    • Xiangnan (Miaoziyuan): dzjaŋ⁵³
  • Kim Mun
    • Diangui (Liangzi): saːm⁴³
    • Fanghai (Tansan): ɕaːm⁴²
  • Biao Mon
    • Changping: dzjam⁵³
    • Luoxiang: ɕam⁵³
  • Biao Min
    • Dongshan: san³⁵
    • Shikou: tɕʰan³⁵
    • Niuweizhai: tɕʰan³⁵
  • Dzao Min (Daping): a⁴⁴dzjɛm²⁴

References

• Ratliff, Martha (2010) Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Camberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN.
• Chen, Qiguang (陈其光) (2013) Miao Yao yuwen (苗瑶语文), Beijing: Minzu chubanshe (民族出版社), →ISBN
• Mao, Zongwu (毛宗武) (2004) Yaozu Mianyu fangyan yanjiu (瑤族勉语方言研究), Beijing: Minzu chubanshe (民族出版社)