Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skalkaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Unknown.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈskɑl.kɑz/

Noun

*skalkaz m

1. servant

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *skalkaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*skalkaz	*skalkōz, *skalkōs
vocative	*skalk	*skalkōz, *skalkōs
accusative	*skalką	*skalkanz
genitive	*skalkas, *skalkis	*skalkǫ̂
dative	*skalkai	*skalkamaz
instrumental	*skalkō	*skalkamiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *skalk
  • Old English: sċealc
    • Middle English: schalk, scalk, schalke, schalkke, shalk
      • English: shalk
      • Middle Scots: schalk, schak, schaik
  • Old Frisian: skalk
    • (West Frisian: ontschalken)
  • Old Saxon: skalk
    • Middle Low German: schalk (in compounds: erseschalk, marschalk, etc.)
  • Old Dutch: scalc
    • Middle Dutch: scalc
      • Dutch: schalk (also in maarschalk)
  • Old High German: skalk, scalc, scalk
    • Middle High German: schalc
      • German: Schalk
      • Luxembourgish: Schallek
    • → Italian: scalco (from Lombardic)
  • → Vulgar Latin: scalcus (in compounds)
    • Medieval Latin: scalcius, scalciatus
    • Old French: escalque
  • → Italian: scalco
• Old Norse: skalkr, skálkr
  • Icelandic: skálkur
  • Faroese: skálkur
  • Norwegian: skalk
  • Old Swedish: skalker
    • Swedish: skalk
  • Danish: skalk
• Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐍃 (skalks)