Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gaistaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéysd-os, from *ǵʰeysd- (“anger, agitation”). Cognate with Sanskrit हेड (héḍa).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɣɑi̯s.tɑz/

Noun

*gaistaz m

1. terror, fear
2. spirit, ghost
3. mind

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *gaistaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*gaistaz	*gaistōz, *gaistōs
vocative	*gaist	*gaistōz, *gaistōs
accusative	*gaistą	*gaistanz
genitive	*gaistas, *gaistis	*gaistǫ̂
dative	*gaistai	*gaistamaz
instrumental	*gaistō	*gaistamiz

Related terms

• *gaisijaną
• *gīsnaną
• *gudīgaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *gaist
  • Old English: gāst, gǣst, gaast
    • Middle English: gost, gast, gaast, goost, goste
      • English: ghost
      • Scots: gaist, gast, ghaist
      • Yola: gaast
  • Old Frisian: gāst, gēst
    • Saterland Frisian: Gäist, Jeest
    • West Frisian: geast
  • Old Saxon: gēst, *gast
    • Middle Low German: gêst, geist
      • German Low German: Geest, Geist
      • Low German: geest
      • Plautdietsch: Jeist
      • → Norwegian Bokmål: gast
      • → Old Danish: gast (or from Frisian)
        • Danish: gast
      • → Swedish: gast
  • Old Dutch: geist, *gēst, gast
    • Middle Dutch: gêest
      • Dutch: geest
        • Afrikaans: gees
        • Negerhollands: geest
  • Old High German: geist, gheist, keist
    • Middle High German: geist
      • German: Geist
        • → English: geist
        • → Danish: gejst
        • → Swedish: geist
        • → Norwegian Bokmål: geist
      • Hunsrik: Geest, Geist
      • Luxembourgish: Geescht
      • Yiddish: גײַסט (gayst)