Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arbaidiją

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *arbaidiz (“labour”) +‎ *-ją.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑr.βɑi̯.ði.jɑ̃/

Noun

*arbaidiją n

1. toil, work
2. hardship

Inflection

neuter ja-stemDeclension of *arbaidiją (neuter ja-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*arbaidiją	*arbaidijō
vocative	*arbaidiją	*arbaidijō
accusative	*arbaidiją	*arbaidijō
genitive	*arbaidijas, *arbaidīs	*arbaidijǫ̂
dative	*arbaidijai	*arbaidijamaz
instrumental	*arbaidijō	*arbaidijamiz

Descendants

Many of the West Germanic descendants merged with *arbaidiz.

• Proto-West Germanic:
  • Old English: earfoþ
  • Old Saxon: arbēdi, arvedi
    • Middle Low German: arbêt, arbeit
      • → Norwegian Nynorsk: arbeid
      • → Swedish: arbete
  • Old Dutch: arbeiti, arvit, arbeit
    • Middle Dutch: arbeit
  • Old High German: arbeiti
    • Middle High German: arbeit, arebeit, erbeit, erebeit
      • German: Arbeit
• Old Norse: erfiði, erfaði
  • Icelandic: erfiði
  • Old Swedish: arvoþe, ærviþi
    • Swedish: arvode
  • Old Danish: æruæthæ