Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ka-

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

Probably related to Proto-Finnic *-k (second-person singular imperative ending), although how exactly is unclear.

Infix

*-ka- / *-kä-

1. Imperative mood marker in persons other than the second-person singular.

   Synonym: *-ko- (possibly)

Descendants

The exact forms vary by descendant.

The second-person plural imperative (usually *-ka-dV, *-ka-de? < *-ka-ta, with the second-person plural personal ending *-ta):

• Estonian: -ke, -ge (e.g. olge, jooge, andke)
• Finnish: -kaa (e.g. olkaa, juokaa, antakaa)
• Ingrian: -kaa (e.g. olkaa, jookaa, antakaa)
• Karelian:
  • North Karelian: -kua/-kkua (e.g. olkua, juokua, antakkua)
  • South Karelian: -kua/-gua/-kkua (e.g. olkua, juogua, annakkua)
• Livvi: -kua/-kkua (e.g. olgua, juogua, annakkua)
• Ludian: -kat/-gat (e.g. olgat, d'uogat, antakat)
• Veps: -kat/-gat (e.g. olgat, jogat, antkat)
• Votic: -ka/-ga (e.g. õlka, juuka, antaga)

Unsorted:

• >? Livonian: -gīd, -gid, -õgid, -kkõd, -kõd (e.g. vȯlgid, jūogid, āndagid)
• Võro: -kõq/-gõq (e.g. olkõq, joogõq, andkõq)