Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/uxsū

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *úks-ō, from *uksḗn (“ox”).

Noun

*uxsū m^[1]^[2]^[3]

ox, stag

Declension

Originally:

Masculine/feminine consonant stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*uxsens	*uxsene	*uxsenes
vocative	*uxsens	*uxsene	*uxsenes
accusative	*uxsenam	*uxsene	*uxsenams
genitive	*uxsenos	*uxsenou	*uxsenom
dative	*uxsenei	*uxsenobom	*uxsenobos
locative	*uxseni	—	—
instrumental	*uxsene?	*uxsenobim	*uxsenobis

In Brythonic, the nominative singular was secondarily substituted by the amphikinetic ending *-ū.

Masculine/feminine consonant stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*uxsū	*uxsene	*uxsenes
vocative	*uxsū	*uxsene	*uxsenes
accusative	*uxsenam	*uxsene	*uxsenams
genitive	*uxsenos	*uxsenou	*uxsenom
dative	*uxsenei	*uxsenobom	*uxsenobos
locative	*uxseni	—	—
instrumental	*uxsene?	*uxsenobim	*uxsenobis

Derived terms

*uxsos^[3]
- Old Irish: oss (“elk, deer, stag”)
  - Irish: os (“deer”)
  - Scottish Gaelic: os

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *üx sg, *uxen pl (“oxen”) (*ödjon (“ox”) commonly used in the singular^[4])^[3]^[5]^[1]
- Old Breton: ohen
  - Middle Breton: ouhen
    - Breton: oc'hen
- Old Cornish: oghan, ohan
  - Cornish: ohen
- Middle Welsh: ychen sg (“ox”), ych pl
  - Welsh: ych sg, ychain pl

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1995) Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 258
^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*uxso-, *uxson-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 401-402
^ Williams, Robert (1865) “OH”, in Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, in which the Words are elucidated by Copious Examples from the Cornish Works now remaining; With Translations in English, London: Trubner & Co., page 271
^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 27

[Schrijver-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1995) Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 258

[2] Delamarre, Xavier (2003) Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN

[EDPC-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*uxso-, *uxson-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 401-402

[4] Williams, Robert (1865) “OH”, in Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, in which the Words are elucidated by Copious Examples from the Cornish Works now remaining; With Translations in English, London: Trubner & Co., page 271

[Zair-5] Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 27

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