Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/sniyeti

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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

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Etymology

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Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁- (to spin).[1]

Verb

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*sniyeti[2]

  1. to turn, twist

Inflection

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Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *sniyū *sniyemam *sisnāsū *sesnū
2nd singular *sniyesi *sniyetās *sisnāsesi *sesnūs
3rd singular *sniyeti *sniyeto *sisnāseti *sesnū
1st plural *sniyomosi *sniyemo *sisnāsomosi *sesnamo
2nd plural *sniyetesi *sniyestē *sisnāsetesi *sesnate
3rd plural *sniyonti *sniyento *sisnāsonti *sesnars
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular ? ?
2nd singular ? ? *sniye
3rd singular ? ? *sniyetou
1st plural ? ? *sniyomos
2nd plural ? ? *sniyete
3rd plural ? ? *sniyontou
Passive voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *sniyūr *sisnāsūr
2nd singular *sniyetar *sisnāsetar
3rd singular *sniyetor ? *sisnāsetor
1st plural *sniyommor *sisnāsommor
2nd plural *sniyedwe *sisnāsedwe
3rd plural *sniyontor ? *sisnāsontor
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular ?
2nd singular ?
3rd singular ?
1st plural ?
2nd plural ?
3rd plural ?
Declension of the past participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *snītos *snītou *snītoi
vocative *snīte *snītou *snītoi
accusative *snītom *snītou *snītoms
genitive *snītī *snītous *snītom
dative *snītūi *snītobom *snītobos
instrumental *snītū *snītobim *snītobis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *snītā *snītai *snītās
vocative *snītā *snītai *snītās
accusative *snītam *snītai *snītams
genitive *snītās *snītous *snītom
dative *snītai *snītābom *snītābos
instrumental *? *snītābim *snītābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *snītom *snītou *snītā
vocative *snītom *snītou *snītā
accusative *snītom *snītou *snītā
genitive *snītī *snītous *snītom
dative *snītūi *snītobom *snītobos
instrumental *snītū *snītobim *snītobis

Reconstruction notes

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The short i in the verb is often reconstructed to account for the Brittonic forms like Welsh nyddu, but this complicates the etymology significantly as a long is expected from the root in the e-grade and in the zero-grade. The expected e-grade appears in the verbal noun *snīmus. Schumacher explains the discrepancy by assuming that the expected would break up across a hiatus that would be created in a thematic formation *sneh₁eti: *-eh₁e- > *-īe- > *-iye-.[2]

Alternative theories about the verb formation also exist, including:

  • Zair reconstructs *snīyeti (< Proto-Indo-European *sneh₁-ye-) with a straightforward long present and explains the Brittonic forms as having a secondarily shortened vowel.[3]
  • Sandell, following Jasanoff, reconstructs *snīti, a Narten-ablaut athematic present.[4]

Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • Proto-Brythonic:
  • Old Irish: sníid

References

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  1. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 350
  2. 2.0 2.1 Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 598-600
  3. ^ Zair, Nicholas (2015 November 13) “Old Irish gniid ‘makes, does’, Middle Welsh gweinydaf ‘serve’, and i-presents”, in Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie, volume 62, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 213–222
  4. ^ Sandell, Ryan (2011) “Evidence for Indo-European Acrostatic Presents in Old Irish?”, in Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium[1], volume 31, Department of Celtic Languages & Literatures, Harvard University, →ISSN, →JSTOR, retrieved September 3, 2022, pages 282–304