Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/reyatrom

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From some form of Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to flow”) + *-trom.

Noun

*reyatrom n^[1]^[2]^[3]

torrent

Inflection

Neuter o-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*riyatrom	*riyatrou	*riyatrā
vocative	*riyatrom	*riyatrou	*riyatrā
accusative	*riyatrom	*riyatrou	*riyatrā
genitive	*riyatrī	*riyatrous	*riyatrom
dative	*riyatrūi	*riyatrobom	*riyatrobos
locative	*riyatrei	*?	*?
instrumental	*riyatrū	*riyatrobim	*riyatrūis

Alternative reconstructions

*riyatrom^[4]^[5]

Reconstruction notes

It is unknown why Old Irish riathor is masculine in the Milan glosses; generally all other *-trom nouns appear as expected neuters in Old Irish.
The exact root and suffix allomorphs leading to the Proto-Celtic word are disputed; Schrijver and Matasović prefer a zero-grade root and an extra -e- between root and suffix. Meanwhile, McCone, Koch and Irslinger go with the e-grade of the root and presume the laryngeal would be vocalized as a (an assumption that is denied by Matasović, who believes the laryngeal would be lost).

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic:
- Old Welsh: reatir
  - Middle Welsh: raeadyr, rayadyr
    - Welsh: rhaeadr
Old Irish: riathor m, riathar
- Middle Irish: riathar

References

^ McCone, Kim (1996) Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change, Maynooth: Dept. of Old Irish, St. Patrick's College, →ISBN, page 52
^ Irslinger, Britta Sofie (2002) Abstrakta mit Dentalsuffixen im Altirischen [Abstracts with Dental Suffixes in Old Irish] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter, →ISBN
^ Koch, John (2004) “waterfall”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎^[1], University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 383
^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1995) Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 385
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*riya-tro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 314

[1] McCone, Kim (1996) Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change, Maynooth: Dept. of Old Irish, St. Patrick's College, →ISBN, page 52

[2] Irslinger, Britta Sofie (2002) Abstrakta mit Dentalsuffixen im Altirischen [Abstracts with Dental Suffixes in Old Irish] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter, →ISBN

[3] Koch, John (2004) “waterfall”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎^[1], University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 383

[4] Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1995) Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 385

[5] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*riya-tro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 314

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