Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kaxtos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂ptós (“grabbed”).

Adjective

*kaxtos^[1]^[2]

captive, bound

Inflection

O/ā-stem
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kaxtos	*kaxtou	*kaxtoi
vocative	*kaxte	*kaxtou	*kaxtoi
accusative	*kaxtom	*kaxtou	*kaxtoms
genitive	*kaxtī	*kaxtous	*kaxtom
dative	*kaxtūi	*kaxtobom	*kaxtobos
instrumental	*kaxtū	*kaxtobim	*kaxtobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kaxtā	*kaxtai	*kaxtās
vocative	*kaxtā	*kaxtai	*kaxtās
accusative	*kaxtam	*kaxtai	*kaxtams
genitive	*kaxtās	*kaxtous	*kaxtom
dative	*kaxtai	*kaxtābom	*kaxtābos
instrumental	*?	*kaxtābim	*kaxtābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kaxtom	*kaxtou	*kaxtā
vocative	*kaxtom	*kaxtou	*kaxtā
accusative	*kaxtom	*kaxtou	*kaxtā
genitive	*kaxtī	*kaxtous	*kaxtom
dative	*kaxtūi	*kaxtobom	*kaxtobos
instrumental	*kaxtū	*kaxtobim	*kaxtobis

Declension of the comparative
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kaxtyūs	*?	*kaxtyoses
vocative	*kaxtyūs	*?	*kaxtyoses
accusative	*kaxtyosam	*?	*kaxtyosams
genitive	*kaxtisos	*?	*kaxtisom
dative	*kaxtisei	*?	*kaxtisbos
instrumental	*kaxtisī	*?	*kaxtisbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kaxtyūs	*?	*kaxtyoses
vocative	*kaxtyūs	*?	*kaxtyoses
accusative	*kaxtyosam	*?	*kaxtyosams
genitive	*kaxtisos	*?	*kaxtisom
dative	*kaxtisei	*?	*kaxtisbos
instrumental	*kaxtisī	*?	*kaxtisbis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kaxtis	*?	*?
vocative	*kaxtis	*?	*?
accusative	*kaxtis	*?	*?
genitive	*kaxtisos	*?	*kaxtisom
dative	*kaxtisei	*?	*kaxtisbos
instrumental	*kaxtisī	*?	*kaxtisbis

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨθ
- Breton: kaezh
- Cornish: keth
- Welsh: caeth

Etymology 2

See main entry.

Noun

*kaxtos m

captive, slave, servant

Inflection

Masculine o-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kaxtos	*kaxtou	*kaxtoi
vocative	*kaxte	*kaxtou	*kaxtoi
accusative	*kaxtom	*kaxtou	*kaxtoms
genitive	*kaxtī	*kaxtous	*kaxtom
dative	*kaxtūi	*kaxtobom	*kaxtobos
locative	*kaxtei	*?	*?
instrumental	*kaxtū	*kaxtobim	*kaxtūis

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨθ
- Old Cornish: cait
  - Cornish: caid
Old Irish: cacht
- Irish: cacht
Gaulish: *kaxtos^[3]
- ⇒ Gaulish: *Moinikaxtos
  - → Latin: Moenicaptus

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kaxto-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 197
^ Koch, John (2004) “*kaxto-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎^[1], University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 57
^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “caxtos”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 112

[EDPC-1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kaxto-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 197

[2] Koch, John (2004) “*kaxto-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎^[1], University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 57

[DLG-3] Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “caxtos”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 112

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[2]

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