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Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kʷalnati

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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

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Etymology

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Originally *kʷalnīti, from a nasal-infix derivative of Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁- (to turn).[1]

Verb

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*kʷalnati

  1. to go around

Inflection

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Nasal-infix athematic present with stem ablaut to an h₁-final root
Active voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *kʷalnīmi *kʷalnamam ?
2nd singular *kʷalnīsi *kʷalnatās ?
3rd singular *kʷalnīti *kʷalnato ?
1st plural *kʷalnamosi *kʷalnamo ?
2nd plural *kʷalnatesi *kʷalnastē ?
3rd plural *kʷalnenti *kʷalnanto ?
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *kʷelasū ?
2nd singular *kʷelasesi ? *kʷalnī
3rd singular *kʷelaseti ? *kʷalnītou
1st plural *kʷelasomosi ? *kʷalnamos
2nd plural *kʷelasetesi ? *kʷalnate
3rd plural *kʷelasonti ? *kʷalnentou
Passive voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *kʷalnīr ?
2nd singular *kʷalnītar ?
3rd singular *kʷalnītor ? ?
1st plural *kʷalnammor ?
2nd plural *kʷalnadwe ?
3rd plural *kʷalnentor ? ?
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *kʷelasūr
2nd singular *kʷelasetar
3rd singular *kʷelasetor
1st plural *kʷelasommor
2nd plural *kʷelasedwe
3rd plural *kʷelasontor
Declension of the present participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *kʷalnonts *kʷalnonte *kʷalnontes
vocative *kʷalnonts *kʷalnonte *kʷalnontes
accusative *kʷalnontam *kʷalnonte *kʷalnontans
genitive *kʷalnantos *? *kʷalnantom
dative *kʷalnantei *kʷalnantbom *kʷalnantbos
instrumental *kʷalnantī? *kʷalnantbim *kʷalnantbis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *kʷalnantī *kʷalnantī *kʷalnantiyās
vocative *kʷalnantī *kʷalnantī *kʷalnantiyās
accusative *kʷalnantīm *kʷalnantī *kʷalnantiyans
genitive *kʷalnantyās *? *kʷalnantyom
dative *kʷalnantyāi *kʷalnantyābom *kʷalnantyābos
instrumental *? *kʷalnantyābim *kʷalnantyābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *kʷalnont *? *kʷalnonta
vocative *kʷalnont *? *kʷalnonta
accusative *kʷalnont *? *kʷalnonta
genitive *kʷalnantos *? *kʷalnantom
dative *kʷalnantei *? *kʷalnantbos
instrumental *kʷalnantī? *? *kʷalnantbis
Declension of the middle participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *kʷalnamnos *kʷalnamnou *kʷalnamnoi
vocative *kʷalnamne *kʷalnamnou *kʷalnamnoi
accusative *kʷalnamnom *kʷalnamnou *kʷalnamnons
genitive *kʷalnamnī *kʷalnamnous *kʷalnamnom
dative *kʷalnamnūi *kʷalnamnobom *kʷalnamnobos
instrumental *kʷalnamnū *kʷalnamnobim *kʷalnamnobis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *kʷalnamnā *kʷalnamnai *kʷalnamnās
vocative *kʷalnamnā *kʷalnamnai *kʷalnamnās
accusative *kʷalnamnam *kʷalnamnai *kʷalnamnans
genitive *kʷalnamnās *kʷalnamnous *kʷalnamnom
dative *kʷalnamnai *kʷalnamnābom *kʷalnamnābos
instrumental *? *kʷalnamnābim *kʷalnamnābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *kʷalnamnom *kʷalnamnou *kʷalnamnā
vocative *kʷalnamnom *kʷalnamnou *kʷalnamnā
accusative *kʷalnamnom *kʷalnamnou *kʷalnamnā
genitive *kʷalnamnī *kʷalnamnous *kʷalnamnom
dative *kʷalnamnūi *kʷalnamnobom *kʷalnamnobos
instrumental *kʷalnamnū *kʷalnamnobim *kʷalnamnobis

Derived terms

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  • *ambi-kʷalnati
    • Old Irish: imm·cella (to surround)
  • *to-ambi-kʷalnati

Descendants

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  • Proto-Brythonic:
    • Middle Welsh: pallu (to fail, cease, perish; refuse, deny)

References

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  1. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kʷal-na-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 174