Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/galnati

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gelH- (“able, powerful”). Akin to Lithuanian galėti (“to be able”), Proto-Slavic *golěmъ (“powerful”).

Verb

*galnati

1. to be able, can

Inflection

Like with all nasal-infix athematic verbs, the original conjugation of this verb was entirely discarded in Brythonic. The conjugation must be inferred from similarly-formed verbs. Since the verb is not attested in Goidelic, the preterite cannot be determined. Due to the laryngeal of the root being unknown, the pre-leveling ablaut of the present-tense nasal infix in the singular cannot be known, either.

Athematic present
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*galnami	*galnamam	*giglāsū	—
2nd singular	*galnasi	*galnatās	*giglāsesi	—
3rd singular	*galnati	*galnato	*giglāseti	—
1st plural	*galnamosi	*galnamo	*giglāsomosi	—
2nd plural	*galnatesi	*galnastē	*giglāsetesi	—
3rd plural	*galnanti	*galnanto	*giglāsonti	—
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*galasū	?	—
2nd singular	*galasesi	?	*galna
3rd singular	*galaseti	?	*galnatou
1st plural	*galasomosi	?	*galnamos
2nd plural	*galasetesi	?	*galnate
3rd plural	*galasonti	?	*galnantou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*galnar	—	*giglāsūr	—
2nd singular	*galnatar	—	*giglāsetar	—
3rd singular	*galnator	?	*giglāsetor	—
1st plural	*galnammor	—	*giglāsommor	—
2nd plural	*galnadwe	—	*giglāsedwe	—
3rd plural	*galnantor	?	*giglāsontor	—
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*galasūr	—	—
2nd singular	*galasetar	—	—
3rd singular	*galasetor	—	—
1st plural	*galasommor	—	—
2nd plural	*galasedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*galasontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*galnants	*galnante	*galnantes
vocative	*galnants	*galnante	*galnantes
accusative	*galnantam	*galnante	*galnantans
genitive	*galnantos	*?	*galnantom
dative	*galnantei	*galnantbom	*galnantbos
instrumental	*galnantī?	*galnantbim	*galnantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*galnantī	*galnantī	*galnantiyās
vocative	*galnantī	*galnantī	*galnantiyās
accusative	*galnantīm	*galnantī	*galnantiyans
genitive	*galnantyās	*?	*galnantyom
dative	*galnantyāi	*galnantyābom	*galnantyābos
instrumental	*?	*galnantyābim	*galnantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*galnant	*?	*galnanta
vocative	*galnant	*?	*galnanta
accusative	*galnant	*?	*galnanta
genitive	*galnantos	*?	*galnantom
dative	*galnantei	*?	*galnantbos
instrumental	*galnantī?	*?	*galnantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*galnamnos	*galnamnou	*galnamnoi
vocative	*galnamne	*galnamnou	*galnamnoi
accusative	*galnamnom	*galnamnou	*galnamnons
genitive	*galnamnī	*galnamnous	*galnamnom
dative	*galnamnūi	*galnamnobom	*galnamnobos
instrumental	*galnamnū	*galnamnobim	*galnamnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*galnamnā	*galnamnai	*galnamnās
vocative	*galnamnā	*galnamnai	*galnamnās
accusative	*galnamnam	*galnamnai	*galnamnans
genitive	*galnamnās	*galnamnous	*galnamnom
dative	*galnamnai	*galnamnābom	*galnamnābos
instrumental	*?	*galnamnābim	*galnamnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*galnamnom	*galnamnou	*galnamnā
vocative	*galnamnom	*galnamnou	*galnamnā
accusative	*galnamnom	*galnamnou	*galnamnā
genitive	*galnamnī	*galnamnous	*galnamnom
dative	*galnamnūi	*galnamnobom	*galnamnobos
instrumental	*galnamnū	*galnamnobim	*galnamnobis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*glātos	*glātou	*glātoi
vocative	*glāte	*glātou	*glātoi
accusative	*glātom	*glātou	*glātons
genitive	*glātī	*glātous	*glātom
dative	*glātūi	*glātobom	*glātobos
instrumental	*glātū	*glātobim	*glātobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*glātā	*glātai	*glātās
vocative	*glātā	*glātai	*glātās
accusative	*glātam	*glātai	*glātans
genitive	*glātās	*glātous	*glātom
dative	*glātai	*glātābom	*glātābos
instrumental	*?	*glātābim	*glātābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*glātom	*glātou	*glātā
vocative	*glātom	*glātou	*glātā
accusative	*glātom	*glātou	*glātā
genitive	*glātī	*glātous	*glātom
dative	*glātūi	*glātobom	*glātobos
instrumental	*glātū	*glātobim	*glātobis

Derived terms

• *Galnos
  • → Latin: Gallus (“a Gaul”)
    • → Old Irish: Gall
      • Irish: Gall
      • Manx: Goal
      • Scottish Gaelic: Gall
      • Middle Irish: gall
        • Irish: gall
        • Manx: goal
        • Scottish Gaelic: gall

Related terms

• *Galatis (formation in *-tis)
  • →⇒ Ancient Greek: Γαλάτης (Galátēs) (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

• Middle Breton: gallout, guell
  • Breton: gallout
• Cornish: gallos
• Middle Welsh: gallu
  • Welsh: gallu, geill