Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/dīwiketi

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From *dī- (“off”) +‎ *wiketi (“to fight”).^[1]^[2]

Verb

*dīwiketi

to avenge
to punish

Inflection

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*dīwikū	*dīwikemam	*dīwiwixsū	*dīwiwoika
2nd singular	*dīwikesi	*dīwiketās	*dīwiwixsesi	*dīwiwoikas?
3rd singular	*dīwiketi	*dīwiketo	*dīwiwixseti	*dīwiwoike
1st plural	*dīwikomosi	*dīwikemo	*dīwiwixsomosi	*dīwiwoikmo
2nd plural	*dīwiketesi	*dīwikestē	*dīwiwixsetesi	*dīwiwoixte
3rd plural	*dīwikonti	*dīwikento	*dīwiwixsonti	*dīwiwoikars
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*dīweixsū	?	—
2nd singular	*dīweixsesi	?	*dīwike
3rd singular	*dīweixseti	?	*dīwiketou
1st plural	*dīweixsomosi	?	*dīwikomos
2nd plural	*dīweixsetesi	?	*dīwikete
3rd plural	*dīweixsonti	?	*dīwikontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*dīwikūr	—	*dīwiwixsūr	*dīwiwoikra
2nd singular	*dīwiketar	—	*dīwiwixsetar	*dīwiwoikras?
3rd singular	*dīwiketor	?	*dīwiwixsetor	*dīwiwoikre
1st plural	*dīwikommor	—	*dīwiwixsommor	?
2nd plural	*dīwikedwe	—	*dīwiwixsedwe	?
3rd plural	*dīwikontor	?	*dīwiwixsontor	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*dīweixsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*dīweixsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*dīweixsetor	—	—
1st plural	*dīweixsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*dīweixsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*dīweixsontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dīwikonts	*dīwikonte	*dīwikontes
vocative	*dīwikonts	*dīwikonte	*dīwikontes
accusative	*dīwikontam	*dīwikonte	*dīwikontans
genitive	*dīwikantos	*?	*dīwikantom
dative	*dīwikantei	*dīwikantbom	*dīwikantbos
instrumental	*dīwikantī?	*dīwikantbim	*dīwikantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dīwikantī	*dīwikantī	*dīwikantiyās
vocative	*dīwikantī	*dīwikantī	*dīwikantiyās
accusative	*dīwikantīm	*dīwikantī	*dīwikantiyans
genitive	*dīwikantyās	*?	*dīwikantyom
dative	*dīwikantyāi	*dīwikantyābom	*dīwikantyābos
instrumental	*?	*dīwikantyābim	*dīwikantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dīwikont	*?	*dīwikonta
vocative	*dīwikont	*?	*dīwikonta
accusative	*dīwikont	*?	*dīwikonta
genitive	*dīwikantos	*?	*dīwikantom
dative	*dīwikantei	*?	*dīwikantbos
instrumental	*dīwikantī?	*?	*dīwikantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dīwikomnos	*dīwikomnou	*dīwikomnoi
vocative	*dīwikomne	*dīwikomnou	*dīwikomnoi
accusative	*dīwikomnom	*dīwikomnou	*dīwikomnons
genitive	*dīwikomnī	*dīwikomnous	*dīwikomnom
dative	*dīwikomnūi	*dīwikomnobom	*dīwikomnobos
instrumental	*dīwikomnū	*dīwikomnobim	*dīwikomnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dīwikomnā	*dīwikomnai	*dīwikomnās
vocative	*dīwikomnā	*dīwikomnai	*dīwikomnās
accusative	*dīwikomnam	*dīwikomnai	*dīwikomnans
genitive	*dīwikomnās	*dīwikomnous	*dīwikomnom
dative	*dīwikomnai	*dīwikomnābom	*dīwikomnābos
instrumental	*?	*dīwikomnābim	*dīwikomnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dīwikomnom	*dīwikomnou	*dīwikomnā
vocative	*dīwikomnom	*dīwikomnou	*dīwikomnā
accusative	*dīwikomnom	*dīwikomnou	*dīwikomnā
genitive	*dīwikomnī	*dīwikomnous	*dīwikomnom
dative	*dīwikomnūi	*dīwikomnobom	*dīwikomnobos
instrumental	*dīwikomnū	*dīwikomnobim	*dīwikomnobis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dīwixtos	*dīwixtou	*dīwixtoi
vocative	*dīwixte	*dīwixtou	*dīwixtoi
accusative	*dīwixtom	*dīwixtou	*dīwixtons
genitive	*dīwixtī	*dīwixtous	*dīwixtom
dative	*dīwixtūi	*dīwixtobom	*dīwixtobos
instrumental	*dīwixtū	*dīwixtobim	*dīwixtobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dīwixtā	*dīwixtai	*dīwixtās
vocative	*dīwixtā	*dīwixtai	*dīwixtās
accusative	*dīwixtam	*dīwixtai	*dīwixtans
genitive	*dīwixtās	*dīwixtous	*dīwixtom
dative	*dīwixtai	*dīwixtābom	*dīwixtābos
instrumental	*?	*dīwixtābim	*dīwixtābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dīwixtom	*dīwixtou	*dīwixtā
vocative	*dīwixtom	*dīwixtou	*dīwixtā
accusative	*dīwixtom	*dīwixtou	*dīwixtā
genitive	*dīwixtī	*dīwixtous	*dīwixtom
dative	*dīwixtūi	*dīwixtobom	*dīwixtobos
instrumental	*dīwixtū	*dīwixtobim	*dīwixtobis

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *diwug
- Middle Welsh: diwin, difwyn (“to amend, make amends”)
  - Welsh: diwygio
Old Irish: do·fich
Gaulish: *dīuic-
- ⇒ Gaulish: Δειουικιιακος (Deiouikiiakos)
  - → Latin: Dīviciācus
- →⇒ Latin: Dīvica, Dīvicō, Dīvicius, Dīvicta, Dīvixtus, Dīvixtius, Dīvixtiānus, Dīvixtilla, Dīvixtullus, Dīvicatus, Dīviciānus, Toutodīvix

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*dī-wik-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 101
^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “diuic-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, pages 145-146

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*dī-wik-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 101

[2] Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “diuic-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, pages 145-146

[1]

[2]