Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/ardwos
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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Celtic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós. Cognate with Latin arduus.
Adjective
[edit]*ardwos
Inflection
[edit]| O/ā-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ardwos | *ardwou | *ardwoi |
| vocative | *ardwe | *ardwou | *ardwoi |
| accusative | *ardwom | *ardwou | *ardwoms |
| genitive | *ardwī | *ardwous | *ardwom |
| dative | *ardwūi | *ardwobom | *ardwobos |
| instrumental | *ardwū | *ardwobim | *ardwobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ardwā | *ardwai | *ardwās |
| vocative | *ardwā | *ardwai | *ardwās |
| accusative | *ardwam | *ardwai | *ardwams |
| genitive | *ardwās | *ardwous | *ardwom |
| dative | *ardwai | *ardwābom | *ardwābos |
| instrumental | *? | *ardwābim | *ardwābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ardwom | *ardwou | *ardwā |
| vocative | *ardwom | *ardwou | *ardwā |
| accusative | *ardwom | *ardwou | *ardwā |
| genitive | *ardwī | *ardwous | *ardwom |
| dative | *ardwūi | *ardwobom | *ardwobos |
| instrumental | *ardwū | *ardwobim | *ardwobis |
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Brythonic: *arð
- Old Breton: ard, art
- Breton: arz
- Old Irish: ard
- Gaulish: Arduenna (place name)
References
[edit]R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ardd”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies