Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/ankatos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

Closely related to *ankos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk- (“to curve, bend”).

Adjective

*ankatos

1. curved, hooked

Inflection

O/ā-stem
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ankatos	*ankatou	*ankatoi
vocative	*ankate	*ankatou	*ankatoi
accusative	*ankatom	*ankatou	*ankatons
genitive	*ankatī	*ankatous	*ankatom
dative	*ankatūi	*ankatobom	*ankatobos
instrumental	*ankatū	*ankatobim	*ankatobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ankatā	*ankatai	*ankatās
vocative	*ankatā	*ankatai	*ankatās
accusative	*ankatam	*ankatai	*ankatans
genitive	*ankatās	*ankatous	*ankatom
dative	*ankatai	*ankatābom	*ankatābos
instrumental	*?	*ankatābim	*ankatābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ankatom	*ankatou	*ankatā
vocative	*ankatom	*ankatou	*ankatā
accusative	*ankatom	*ankatou	*ankatā
genitive	*ankatī	*ankatous	*ankatom
dative	*ankatūi	*ankatobom	*ankatobos
instrumental	*ankatū	*ankatobim	*ankatobis

Declension of the comparative
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ankatyūs	*?	*ankatyoses
vocative	*ankatyūs	*?	*ankatyoses
accusative	*ankatyosam	*?	*ankatyosans
genitive	*ankatisos	*?	*ankatisom
dative	*ankatisei	*?	*ankatisbos
instrumental	*ankatisī	*?	*ankatisbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ankatyūs	*?	*ankatyoses
vocative	*ankatyūs	*?	*ankatyoses
accusative	*ankatyosam	*?	*ankatyosans
genitive	*ankatisos	*?	*ankatisom
dative	*ankatisei	*?	*ankatisbos
instrumental	*ankatisī	*?	*ankatisbis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ankatis	*?	*?
vocative	*ankatis	*?	*?
accusative	*ankatis	*?	*?
genitive	*ankatisos	*?	*ankatisom
dative	*ankatisei	*?	*ankatisbos
instrumental	*ankatisī	*?	*ankatisbis

Reconstruction notes

• Due to the apparently wide semantic divergences (and gender) between Gaulish, Welsh and Old Irish, it is difficult to reconstruct a single noun as antecedent to all of them. Reconstructing a base adjective (from which the daughter languages would form separate substantivizations) gets around the gender and semantic problems.
• The Old Irish word's gender is uncertain, but it cannot be feminine.
• Matasović's reconstruction *ankotos is wrong; Middle Welsh angad requires *a as the second vowel, not an *o.

Descendants

• Proto-Brythonic: *ankad f (“hand, grasp”)
  • Middle Welsh: angad, aghad
    • Welsh: angad
• Old Irish: écath (“fish-hook”) (scholarly normalized spelling), ǽcath, écad (attested spellings)
• Gaulish:
  • →⇒ Latin: *Ancataria (literally “area at the bend”)
    • → Middle High German: Angdayr, Angdair
      • German: Angedair (“name of an area in Landeck, Tyrol, Austria”)