Reconstruction:Proto-Cariban/tôwinô

This Proto-Cariban entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Cariban

Numeral

*tôwinô

1. one

Descendants

• Guianan:
  • ⇒ Apalaí: toiro
  • Kari'na: òwin
  • Proto-Taranoan: *təinjə, *teinjə
    • ⇒ Akurio: tëinërë
    • Carijona: teñi
    • Trió: tëinë, ⇒ tëinken
• Parukotoan:
  • Hixkaryana: towenyxa
  • ⇒ Kaxuyana: tuwinarï
  • Waiwai: tewiñe, čewñe
• Venezuelan Cariban:
  • Panare: tiwin (“once”)
  • Pemongan:
    • Akawaio: tewin, tïnïn, tikin, tègina
    • Macushi: tiwin
    • Pemon: töukin, teukin
  • Yao (South America): tewyn
• ⇒ Waimiri-Atroari: awynihe'
• Ye'kwana: tooni, tawini

References

• Gildea, Spike, Doris Payne (2007) “Is Greenberg’s ‘Macro-Carib’ viable?”, in Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi: Ciências Humanas, volume 2, number 2, Belém, pages 19–72
• Meira, Sérgio, Bruna Franchetto (2005) “The southern Cariban languages and the Cariban family”, in International Journal of American Linguistics, volume 71, pages 127–192
• Florian Matter, editor (2021), “*təwinə”, in Comparative Cariban Database‎^[1], Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, retrieved 2024-02-28
• Meira, Sérgio (1998) A Reconstruction of Proto-Taranoan: Phonology and Inflectional Morphology‎^[2], Houston: Rice University, page 179
• Courtz, Hendrik (2008) A Carib grammar and dictionary‎^[3], Toronto: Magoria Books, →ISBN, page 332
• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “tooni”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[4], Lyon