Reconstruction:Proto-Algonquian/aʔta·pya

This Proto-Algonquian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Algonquian

Alternative forms

• *ahta·pya

Etymology

A compound of *aʔt (“set in place”) + *-a·py (“string”).

Bows probably postdate the breakup of Proto-Algonquian proper; this compound seems to have been formed at a later date: reflexes are found in both Central and Eastern, but they show variations that prevent a PA term from being reconstructed cleanly.

Noun

*aʔta·pya

1. bow (bowstring) (weapon)

Descendants

• Central Algonquian:
  • Cree: ahcâpiy/Cree: ᐊᐦᒑᐱᕀ (ahcaapiy, “bow”)
  • Northern East Cree: ᐊᐦᒑᐲ (ahcaapii)
  • Southern East Cree: ᐊᐦᒑᐲ (ahcaapii)
  • Naskapi: ᐊᒐᐱᔾ (achapiy)
  • Montagnais: atshapi (“bow”)
  • Atikamekw: atcapi
  • Miami: (nin)atiapi (“(my) bowstring”) (possibly obsolete)
  • Ojibwe: achaab -iig (“bow”) NW, achaab -iin (“bowstring”)
• Eastern Algonquian:
  • Mi'kmaq: tapi
  • Abenaki: dôbi
  • Penobscot: tɑ'mbi, ttὰpi
  • Malecite-Passamaquoddy: tap
  • Massachusett: ahtomp, ohtomp
  • Unami: hatapi
  • Powhatan: hawtoppe, attawp,

See also

• *meʔtekwi (“stick”), *meʔtekwa (“tree”), *meʔtekwa·pyi (“bow (bowstring)”), whence Arapaho beeté' (“bow”), Cheyenne ma'ta (“bow”), ma'tāno (“bowstring”), ma'tšėške (“bow”), ma'tȧhke (“bow”) Menominee mɛqtek (“piece of wood; stick; wood; bow”), Ojibwe mitigwaab (“bow (weapon)”), Munsee mătáht (“bow”) Fox mehtêha (“bow”)

Contrast these terms used in these languages:

Blackfoot: náámayi (“bow”);

Cree pimotâkan/ᐱᒧᑖᑲᐣ (pimotaakan, “bow and arrow”);

Mahican sachkenáu (“bow (weapon)”) (alternative spelling 'thkenághoo).

References

• Papers of the ninth Algonquian Conference (edited by William Cowan) (1978): ottump 'a bow' […] *ahta·pya 'bow'
• The Languages of Native America: historical and comparative assessment, edited by Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun (1979): 'bow' < PA *ahta·pya > Unami hatá·p·iak;
• Archaeology of Eastern North America, volume 15 (1987), page 5:

  Proto-Eastern Algonquian had a word for "bow", *aʔta·pya (a compound of aʔt-, "set in place" and -a·py, "cord, string"; […]

• Northeast Anthropology, issues 46-50 (1993), page 6:

  The existence of cognate terms for bow and arrow has been noted previously. Siebert (1975:319) cited only one instance of the Proto-Algonquian "bow" word, *aʔta·pya (literally, 'string set in place'), in Central Algonquian languages, namely Cree ahča·piy (or ašča·piy in the Montagnais dialect). However, another Central Algonquian language, Miami, also has a recorded form, (nin)atiapi ('[my] bowstring') (Voegelin 1938-1940:387) which at least appears to be cognate. The more common term in Central Algonquian languages is derived from 'wood' or 'stick' (e.g., Menominee meqteks Ojibwa mettikwap, and Fox mehtekwapi); Goddard (1974) reconstructs Proto- Algonquian *meʔtekwa·pyi "bowstring".