Citations:P'ing-jang
English citations of P'ing-jang
- 1885, Edward P. Vining, quoting J. Klaproth, “Researches regarding the Country of Fu-sang, mentioned in Chinese Books, and erroneously supposed to be a Part of America”, in An Inglorious Columbus: or, Evidence that Hwui Shǎn and a Party of Buddhist Monks from Afghanistan Discovered America in the Fifth Century, A.D.[1], D. Appleton and Company, →OCLC, page 43:
- Next, the Chinese text says that they set forth from the district of Lo-lang, which is situated not in Leao-tung, but in Corea, and of which the capital is the present city of Pʽing-jang (in d’Auville’s map, Ping-yang), situated upon the northern bank of the Ta-tʽung-kiang, or Pʽai-shue, a river of the province of Pʽing-ngan, which, in great part, in the time of the dynasty of Han, formed the district of Lo-lang.
- 1890, E. H. Parker, “On Race Struggles in Corea”, in Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan[2], volume XVIII, Tokyo: The Hakubunsha, →OCLC, pages 192–193, 218:
- In A.D. 436 we find from the Kang Kien that Fêng Hung (馮弘) the last “Emperor” of Yen⁶² had to take refuge in the Tungusic (東胡) kingdom of Kao-li,—the very first mention of the new name,⁶³—which had been developing quietly at its capital P’ing-jang. […]
“The Emperor visited east-central China (江與京洛), and enlisted 400,000 soldiers and 500 Wu ships to cross the seas and go to P’ing-jang, (the Kao-li capital).”
- [1914, Li Ung Bing, “The Ming Dynasty (Continued)”, in Joseph Whiteside, editor, Outlines of Chinese History[3], Shanghai: The Commercial Press, →OCLC, page 251:
- Accordingly an army was sent into Corea. It met the Japanese before the walls of Pʻing Jang (平壤), where it was annihilated and its commander, Tsu Chʻêng-hsun, (祖承訓), barely escaped with his life. The next Chinese army under the command of Li Ju-sung (李如松), fresh from a successful campaign against a Mongol rebel in Ning Hsia (甯夏), gained a victory over the Japanese in Pʻing Jang; but, elated by this success, the Chinese general allowed himself to be led into an ambuscade near Seoul and overthrown (1593).]
- 1917, Samuel Couling, “Japanese Relations with China”, in The Encyclopaedia Sinica[4], Literature House, Ltd., published 1964, →OCLC, page 255, column 2:
- The Japanese defeated the Ming general Tsu Chʻeng-hsün 祖承訓 at Pʻing jang 平壤 in 1592, the first year of Bunroku 文祿 of Japan, and the fighting continued for some years; but at Hideyoshi's death the Japanese troops left Korea.
- [1933, “The Korean War and the Closing Years A.D. 645-50”, in Son of Heaven: A Biography of Li Shih-Min, founder of the T’ang Dynasty[5], Cambridge University Press, published 1971, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 187:
- It was not merely distaste for court life at Ch’ang An that urged the emperor to make war upon this country. China had substantial grievances against the peninsula kingdom. In the year A.D. 642 P’ing Jang, the Korean capital, had been convulsed by a revolution more sanguinary and more successful than that which had menaced the Chinese court.]
- 1943, Chao-ying Fang, “SUNG Chʻing [宋慶]”, in Arthur W. Hummel, editor, Eminent Chinese of the Chʻing Period (1644-1912)[6], Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, published 1970, →OCLC, page 687, column 2:
- As the remnants retreated northward to Pengyang (平壤 Pʻing-jang), war was declared and a Chinese contingent from Manchuria went southward to that place.
- 1949, Karl August Wittfogel, Fêng Chia-Shêng, “Translation: Tribes”, in History of Chinese Society Liao (907-1125)[7], American Philosophical Society, →OCLC, page 104:
- In ancient times there existed in the region of the Tung-chia River 佟佳江 in present Liaoning a people called Kao-chü-li 高句驪. In the fifth century they moved their capital to P’ing-jang. The name of the country was simplified to Kao-li 高麗 (Korea).
- 1958 November 15 [1958 April 30], 文改会第一研究室 [No. 1 Research Office, China Written Language Reform Committee], “各国首都名称拼写法（初稿）（外国地名拼写法之二） [Spelling of the Names of National Capitals of Various Nations (Draft) (Spellings of Various Place Names, Part 2)]”, in Wenzi Gaige (文字改革) [Written Language Reform][8], number 19, →OCLC, pages 12–13:
Source Text:
| 首都原名 （或一种比較通用的 拉丁字母拼写法） |
所屬国家 | 汉字注音 （汉字譯名和按照汉字的注音） |
汉語拼写法 （接近原文或通用拼写法的汉 語拼写法和注音字母对音） |
|---|---|---|---|
| （一）亞洲 | |||
| [...] | [...] | [...] | [...] |
| Phyangyang Saul(Seoul) |
朝鮮 | 平壤 Pingrang 汉城 Hancheng |
Pingrang ㄆㄧㄥㄖㄤ Hancheng ㄏㄢㄔㄥ |
| [...] | [...] | [...] | [...] |
Translation:
| Original Names of National Capitals (or a type of Latin alphabet spelling that is relatively commonly-used) |
Nation | Hanyu Pinyin (Chinese Character translation and phonetic spelling following those Chinese characters) |
Mandarin Spelling (Mandarin and Bopomofo spellings close to the original or commonly-used spelling) |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1) Asia | |||
| [...] | [...] | [...] | [...] |
| Phyangyang Saul(Seoul) |
Korea | 平壤 Pingrang 汉城 Hancheng |
Pingrang ㄆㄧㄥㄖㄤ Hancheng ㄏㄢㄔㄥ |
| [...] | [...] | [...] | [...] |
- [1964, Japanese National Commission for UNESCO, “History”, in Japan: Its Land, People and Culture[9], Revised edition, Printing Bureau, Ministry of Finance, →OCLC, page 20, column 2:
- Pakche was destroyed and five years later, Kokuryo was also swept away by T’ang and Silla. T’ang set up An-tontu-hu-fu (Government headquarters) at P’ing jang to rule the former territories of Pakche and Kokuryo. Many refugees from these destroyed states came to Japan and became naturalized as Japanese.]
- 1968, Hae-jong Chun, “Sino-Korean Tributary Relations in the Ch’ing Period”, in John King Fairbank, editor, The Chinese World Order: Traditional China's Foreign Relations[10], Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 97:
- Main places on the route were, with minor changes during the Ch’ing: Seoul, P’yŏngyang (Chinese, P’ing-jang), Ŭiju (I-chou), the Yalu River, Feng-huang ch’eng, Lien-shan kuan, Liao-tung, Shen-yang, Kuang-ning, Sha-ho, Shan-hai kuan, T’ung-chou, and Peking.
- 2006 [145–86 BCE], Ssu-ma Chʻien, “Hereditary House 8”, in Zhenjun Zhang, transl., edited by William Nienhauser, The Grand Scribe's Records[11], volume V.1, Indiana University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 276:
- ⁹⁵For Ch’ao-hsien, "Cheng-yi" says, "K’uo-ti chih 括地志 says, 'Kao-li's 高麗 P’ing-jang 平壤 City, originally the governing site/city of Chien 儉, the Prince of Yüeh-lang 樂浪 Prefecture of the Han. It was ancient Ch’ao-hsien.'"
- [2012, Endymion Wilkinson, “Introduction”, in Chinese History: A New Manual[12], 3rd revised edition, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 14:
- The DPRK (Joseon Minjujui Inmin Konghuaguk 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國) is read in Chinese as Chaoxian minzhu zhuyi renmin gonghe guo, and its capital, Pyeonyang, is pronounced Pingrang 平壤.]