1912, Claudius Madrolle, “Manchuria”, in North-Eastern China: Manchuria, Mongolia, Vladivostock, Korea[1], Hachette & Company, →OCLC, page 42:
1604 v., Vladivostock (Hai-shen-wei in Chinese) 8116 v., from Moscow. Buffet. The station is situated in the Western part of the Gold Horn (SeeMARITIME PROVINCE, R. 1).
1927, T. D. A. Cockerell, “Some Halictine Bees from the Maritime Province of Siberia”, in Proceedings of the United States National Museum[2], volume 68, published 1925:
This Turkestan fauna belongs to a dry country, and has very little in common with that of the moist coast region of southeastern Siberia, where my collecting was done. The insects of the Maritime Province are to be compared with those of Europe rather than with those of Turkestan or Mongolia, and there is only a small fusion of oriental types from the south.
In the area north and east of Chita — at Blagovyeshchensk, Petropavlovsk, Vladivostok, Habarovsk, and other places — revolutionary governments of varying degrees of radicalism were set up. In the Maritime Province a new provisional government was established.
1936, Albert E. Hindmarsh, The Basis of Japanese Foreign Policy[4], Harvard University Press, page 208:
Predominant control of Manchuria only partially meets Japan's military security requirements with respect to the menace of Russia. Although nature has "collaborated with the general staff" by providing two narrow outlets — the Strait of Tsushima and the narrow channel which separates north Sakhalin from the mainland — to make the Japan Sea a mare clausum, the Maritime Province of Soviet Russia juts out into this closed zone.
1944, G. Nye Steiger, A History of the Far East[5], Ginn and Company, page 785:
By November 1, 1922, the last Japanese troops had left the Maritime Province. Twelve days later, on November 13, the Far Eastern Republic, by the formal vote of the Chita government, abandoned its independent status and became a part of the Soviet Union.
As soon as peace was restored in China, Ignatiev came to demand his reward. The treaty which he squeezed from the Emperor at Peking surrendered the jointly administered maritime province east of the Ussuri River to Russia. To assure proper tokens of gratitude from the Manchus, the Russians took the precaution of sending a naval squadron into Hai Shen Wei, 4 months before the treaty was signed in November 1860. This Chinese city was given the prophetic Russian name Vladivostok—Conqueror of the East.
In the era of Manchu decline, however, the Russians were able to obtain by 1860 vast stretches of territory north of the Amur River and, even more importantly, territory east of the Ussuri, which was to become known as the Maritime Province. Here at a fishing place known to the Chinese as Hai-shen-wei they established the port significantly named Vladivostok (‘Lord of the East’).
By the Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing, the Chinese ceded not only the territory north of the Amur but also the maritime province in the east, between the Ussuri River and the Sea of Japan. The Chinese town of Haishenwai, settled by Russian colonists, was renamed Vladivostok ‘Rule the East’, and was developed as a port for foreign trade and for use as a naval base.
By the way, on July 26, the Hong Kong media reported that during an international scientific conference in Hancanwei[sic – meaning Haishenwei] (the usual name of Vladivostok city in the media and on the maps of Greater China), Chinese and South Korean scientists proposed to change the name of the Sea of Japan to the "Eastern Sea." Probably, after Chinese control over the Maritime region was established, the capital would change its name from Vladivostok to Haicanwei[sic – meaning Haishenwei] (Bay of Sea Treasures, the name of the Chinese village located on the site before 1860).]
Although the Qing court rejected and fought against this, in the Treaty of Beijing in 1860 these rights were reaffirmed and the eastern bank of the Ussuri River was ceded to Russia as well. One fishing village by the name of Haicanwei[sic – meaning Haishenwei] acquired the name Vladivostok, which had the meaning “mastery over the East.” The Maritime Province centered here was then developed as Russian terrain.
Later, treaties formalized Russia’s theft. The Treaty of Aigun in 1858 gave the Russians control of the Amur’s left bank, all 2,760 miles of it, and all the land north, what used to be called Outer Manchuria. Two years later, at the Peking Convention, the Chinese surrendered the Amur’s right bank, starting from where the Ussuri joins the main stream. That gave the Russians what evocatively used to be called “Eastern Tartary”: the whole of the wild, ginseng-bearing Sikhote-Alin range right down to the Sea of Japan. To this region, the Russians gave the name Primorye: “by the sea.” Today it is known as Primorsky Krai, Russia’s Maritime Province.
