Citations:China proper

English citations of China proper

				1769 1785 1798		1917 1944 1957 1970s 1980 1991	2002 2010s 2020s
ME «	15th c.	16th c.	17th c.	18th c.	19th c.	20th c.	21st c.

18th Century

• 1769, Tobias Smollett, “CHINA”, in The Present State of All Nations: Containing a Geographical, Natural, Commercial, and Political History of All the Countries in the Known World‎^[1], volume the Seventh, London, →OCLC, page 53:

  In China Proper, there are few high mountains ; but in Chineſian or Eaſt-Tartary, north of the great wall, there are many, as we have already remarked.

• 1785, William Frederick Martyn, “CHINA”, in The Geographical Magazine‎^[2], volume I, London, →OCLC, page 513:

  This country is divided into ſixteen provinces, fifteen of which lie within the great wall, and the other without.[...]Such are the boundaries and divisions of China Proper, from the most authentic accounts ;[...]

• 1798 October 20 [1797], “CALCULATIONS OF THE INHABITANTS OF THE GLOBE.”, in The Rural Magazine‎^[3], volume I, number 36, Newark, →OCLC, page 2:

  Chowta-Zhin, who is ſaid to be a man of buſineſs and preciſion, and cautious of advancing facts, at the requeſt of Earl Macartney, delivered to him a ſtatement taken from one of the public officers in the capitol, of the inhabitants of the fifteen ancient provinces of China, or China proper, within the great wall ; according to which the number of inhabitants, taken by a regular enumeration, amounts to 333,000,000!

20th Century

A map including CHINA PROPER (1944)

• 1917, Kenneth Scott Latourette, “Introduction”, in The Development of China‎^[4], Revised edition, Houghton Mifflin Company, published 1920, →OCLC, page xi-xii:

  For Chinese culture has not only spread gradually over what is now China proper, with its three or four hundred million inhabitants, but it furnished the model for the old Japan, and has been to the widely scattered peoples of the vast outlying sections of the Chinese Empire — Mongolia, Manchuria, the New Territory, and Tibet — what that of the Mediterranean world was to the Germanic peoples of Northern Europe.

• 1944, China Proper‎^[5], Volume I: Physical Geography, History and Peoples, Naval Intelligence Division, page 2:

  The flow of Chinese emigrants northwards into the unoccupied spaces of Manchuria, destined in the ‘ twenties ’ of the present century to become a mighty flood, had already begun, and in 1907 (four years before the Revolution which drove the Manchus from the throne, abolished the Imperial regime and substituted the Republic of China) Manchuria was incorporated in China Proper.

• 1947, Max Beloff, The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1929-1941‎^[6], volume I, Oxford University Press, →OCLC, →OL, page 164:

  Meanwhile Chiang’s most prominent military advisers continued to be the Germans. The German plans for a transcontinental Germany-Russia-China air service (via Sinkiang) through the Eurasia Company set up in 1930 (of which the shareholders were the Chinese Government and the Deutsche Lufthansa A.G.) failed, and the Eurasia Company confined its activities to China proper, although in 1931 mails from Shanghai were delivered by plane to Manchouli to connect with the Trans-Siberian.

• 1957, Chung-cheng (Kai-shek) Chiang, “Beginnings”, in Soviet Russia in China: A Summing-up at Seventy‎^[7], New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 23:

  It is the policy of the Russian Communist Party to turn the lands inhabited by the Manchus, Mongols, Moslems and Tibetans into parts of the Soviet domain; it may harbor sinister designs even on China proper.

• 1971, The Cultural Revolution in the Provinces‎^[8], Harvard University Press, page 8:

  Shielded from China proper and the central government by mountains, Szechwan is a huge "rice bowl" whose population of seventy to eighty million makes it larger than all but nine countries in the world.

• 1976, Eu-Yang Kwang, The political reconstruction of China, page 165:

  Siberia, though it stands outside the territorial confines of Russia proper, constitutes an essentially component part […] . Outer Mongolia, [so called] to distinguish it from Inner Mongolia, which lies nearer to China proper, revolted and declared its independence.

• 1980, Il-sung Kim, “Meeting with My Comrades-in-Arms in North Manchuria”, in Kim Il Sung Works‎^[9], volume 48, Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, →OCLC, page 144:

  While scaling the Laoyeling Mountains, the Chinese Worker-Peasant Red Army, under the command of Mao Ze-dong and Zhu De, was successfully stepping up the historic 25 000-li Long March in China proper, breaking through the surrounding rings formed by Chiang Kai-shek’s army.

• 1980, Peter Hopkirk, Foreign Devils on the Silk Road‎^[10], Oxford University Press, published 1984, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 156:

  Tun-huang, which means 'Blazing Beacon', was thus the last caravan halt in China proper for travellers setting out along the old Silk Road.

• 1991, Carol Stepanchuk, Charles Wong, “Festivals of Earth, Water, Wind, and Fire”, in Mooncakes and Hungry Ghosts: Festivals of China‎^[11], San Francisco: China Books & Periodicals, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 108:

  Politically, China proper (where the core of Han culture and settlement began in the middle of the Yellow River valley) and frontier areas of China were brought together under the Qing dynasty, mostly during the 18th century. Incursions by earlier dynasties into Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and southern Manchuria did occur, but were later reversed. It is this latest process of expansion that accounts for the enormous size of the People's Republic of China today.
  The lands comprising the frontiers of China are divided into five "autonomous regions": Inner Mongolia, Ningxia (Hui), Xinjiang (Uygur), Guangxi (Zhuang), and Tibet. To this should be added the smaller autonomous districts in China proper which are inhabited by minorities living in seemingly more "accessible" provinces such as Yunnan and Guizhou.
  In the areas of China proper within the southwest and in the lower West River valley, unfavorable land barriers—broken hills, mountain country, and uneven land—prevented easy communication, and distinct non-Han ethnic groups flourished.

21st Century

2000s

• 2002, Felix Patrikeeff, Russian Politics in Exile: the Northeast Asian Balance of Power, 1924-1931‎^[12], Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 61:

  In Manchuria the Hunghutze (Red Beards) grew to a stature and notoriety similar to the Triads in other parts of China (and who were important even to the Kuomintang in China proper).⁴⁴

2010s

• 2011, M. Rayila, “The Pain of a Nation: The Invisibility of Uyghurs in China Proper”, in Equal Rights Review‎^[13], volume Six, Equal Rights Trust, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2 June 2011, page 45:

  In a speech given during the National City Ethnic Work Forum in September 2008, Professor Ma Rong stated that the number of Uyghurs living in China Proper had increased seven times during the period from 1982 to 2000, reaching a total of 53,771.

• 2015, Q. Edward Wang, Chopsticks: A Cultural and Culinary History‎^[14], Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 27:

  The Han dynasty was founded on the ruins of the Qin dynasty (221-206 BCE) that had ended the Warring States period of the late Zhou and unified China proper (centering on North China) in 221 BCE.

• 2017 January 23, Ben Blanchard, David Brunnstrom, “China says will protect South China Sea sovereignty”, in Reuters‎^[15], archived from the original on 20 October 2017:

  “It’s a question of if those islands are in fact in international waters and not part of China proper, then yeah, we’re going to make sure that we defend international territories from being taken over by one country,” Spicer said.

• 2018, Liangren Zhang, Dongju Zhang, Xiaohong Wu, Kai Wang, Guoke Chen, Hui Wang, Peng Wang, “Ancient mud-brick architecture of Northwest China”, in Paléorient‎^[16], volume 44, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

  The site is located in the Hexi Corridor, a critical section of the Silk Road, and the multi-room layout of the buildings and the wheat/barley crops hint at dual directions of inspiration, but it is yet uncertain whether the Xichengyi community absorbed the mud-brick building technology from Central Asia. The microscopic and particle size analyses, however, confirm that the second type of mud-brick was ingeniously fused with the earth ramming technique from China proper.

• 2019, David Poyer, Overthrow: The War with China and North Korea--Fall of an Empire‎^[17], 1st edition (Fiction), St. Martin's Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 207:

  Nasrullah was squeezing the bazaaris and shop owners. Taking half of what they made for the Cause. Using them to help distribute low-volume, high-value imports from Helmand down into the lowlands, then farther east into China proper.

2020s

2020

• 2020 June 1, Keith Johnson, “China Puts the Final Kibosh on Trump’s Trade Deal”, in Foreign Policy‎^[18], archived from the original on 3 June 2020:

  Beijing’s move, first reported by Bloomberg News, followed Friday’s U.S. announcement that Washington will potentially take steps to revoke Hong Kong’s special status and possibly levy sanctions and other economic weapons against both China proper and the once-autonomous region.

• 2020 June 29, James Griffiths, “From the Qing Empire to the People's Republic, China's worries about separatism run deep”, in CNN‎^[19], archived from the original on 29 June 2020:

  Beijing has dealt with desire for independence in Xinjiang and Tibet, in part, by encouraging the mass migration of Han Chinese to both territories, as well as advancing Sinification policies in education, language and religion. The changing ethnic makeup of both areas makes it harder to argue for self-determination based on an idea of racial or cultural difference to China proper, with millions of Han Chinese living in both regions.

• 2020 September 16, Masahiro Matsumura, “Anti-communism is no solution”, in Taipei Times‎^[20], archived from the original on September 17, 2020:

  More notably, a Chinese dynasty, when small and weak vis-a-vis kingdoms on the periphery, had to keep a low-profile external policy, while avoiding military confrontation. Once sufficiently large and strong, a Chinese empire invaded and conquered. There were continual pendulum shifts in external orientation, while the tributary system helped stabilize the Sino-centric order when China proper as its core was neither soft nor hard.

• 2020, Shiqi Liang, “Architecture and Geography of China Proper: Influence of Geography on the Diversity of Chinese Traditional Architectural Motifs and the Cultural Values They Reflect”, in Culture, Society, and Praxis‎^[21], volume 12, number 1, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 1, 2:

  To accommodate a fast growing urban population, real estate developers favor tall, rectangular, concrete apartment buildings over traditional Chinese architectures. The buildings in northern cities no longer look distinguishable from buildings in southern cities. Revisiting those diverse architectural motifs serves as a reminder of how diverse China proper really is.[...]East of the thick red lines is a rough definition of China proper (Lin et al., 2015)

2021

• 2007, James A. Millward, “Colonialism, Assimilationism and Ethnocide (2000s-2020s)”, in Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang‎^[22], London: Hurst & Company, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 367:

  The stated mission of the Bingtuan is to increase the Han population of Xinjiang: recruiting Han migrants, supported by subsidies from Beijing, is ‘the will of the state.'⁶ For example, a Bingtuan advertisement circulated on the ubiquitous Chinese social media app Weixin/WeChat in the first half of 2020 called for able-bodied people aged 18-35 with household registration in China proper and ‘good political quality’ (zhengzhi suzhi hao) to move to a new settlement built by the Third Division 50ᵗʰ Regiment 18 km from the southern city of Tumshug (Tumxuk, Tumushuke), between Kashgar and Aksu.

• 2021 February 24, Ugyen Tenzin, Richard Finney., “Report: Chinese Development in Tibet Meets State Needs, Fails Tibetans”, in Tenzin Dickyi, transl., Radio Free Asia‎^[23], archived from the original on 25 February 2021:

  China’s development policies in Tibet are designed “to assimilate the region and its people into the framework of a single Chinese national identity rather than to meaningfully improve the lives of Tibetans,” TCHRD says in its report, pointing to the widespread forced removal of Tibetan herders from traditional grazing grounds.
  “Because China’s development policy has succeeded in urbanizing rural Tibetans and erasing their land rights, it has succeeded in creating pristine wilderness through depopulation, sinicizing economic centres in towns and cities ensuring investments and profits flow back to China Proper,” the rights group says.

• 2021 October 23, Simon Gilbert, “China, the Uyghurs and the left”, in International Socialism‎^[24], archived from the original on 23 October 2021:

  The real beneficiaries are “domestic Chinese companies and state entities” who channel investment into “commercial and infrastructural projects that do not benefit the broader local population”.90 One Chinese researcher dubbed the “Open up the West” campaign as “western exploitation, eastern development”.91
  The surge of new investment and strengthened ties with China proper has had a devastating effect on the traditional economy. Steenberg and Rippa describe a Kashgar neighbourhood, once a centre of shoemaking and leatherwork but now marginalised by cheap imports from eastern China. A few former shoemakers flourished, but many were left scratching a living doing repair work, or were forced to migrate east.92

• 2021 December 10, Tsering Passang, “Don’t forget the atrocities committed by the Chinese Communist Party over the last 100 years”, in The Independent‎^[25], archived from the original on 10 December 2021:

  In Tibet and Xinjiang (East Turkestan), the CCP and its brutal regime is still implementing hardline policies against the Uyghur Muslims and Tibetan Buddhists. In China proper, the persecution of Falun Gong and Christian faith groups are living examples of the deliberate crushing of what should be private beliefs. And the organ harvesting of innocent Falun Gong practitioners and other persecuted minorities represents a serious crime being committed by the Chinese state.

• 2021 December 18, “Bumla pass: India-China face-off in the high and chilly Himalayas”, in The New Indian Express‎^[26], archived from the original on 18 December 2021:

  A second railway route after the one which links Lhasa with China proper is expected to link Nyingchi with Sichuan soon.

2022

• 2022 February 4, “Beijing 2022: Winter Olympics opening ceremony – as it happened”, in The Guardian‎^[27], archived from the original on 4 February 2022:

  “Many people are choosing not to watch the Beijing Olympics and have made the #IWillNotWatch pledge due to severe and systematic human rights abuses committed by the Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong, Tibet, Xinjiang (where genocide and crimes against humanity are alleged) and China proper,” writes Brian on email.

• 2022 February 13, Ibne Ahmad, “Pakistani diplomat translates Chinese novel”, in The News International‎^[28], Islamabad, archived from the original on 13 February 2022:

  The novel covers the period 168 AD to 280 AD. It narrates the kingdoms of Wu, Wei, and Shu competing to control China proper after the fall of the Eastern Han dynasty, and their ultimate amalgamation by the Jin dynasty.