Appendix:Gothic strong declension

Description

• The Gothic strong declension consists of all nouns with stems originally ending in a vowel, and thus comprises most of the main Proto-Indo-European declensions.
• The a-stems correspond to original o-stems (the Ancient Greek and Latin second declension). They are divided into pure a-stems, ja-stems, and wa-stems.
• The ō-stems correspond to original ā-stems (the Ancient Greek and Latin first declension). They are divided into pure ō-stems, jō-stems, and wō-stems.
• The i-stems correspond to original i-stems (the Ancient Greek and Latin third declension with -i-/-ι-).
• The u-stems correspond to original u-stems (the Ancient Greek third declension with -υ- and the Latin fourth declension).

A-stems

Masculine

Citation form: 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 strong m (dags)

Declension	Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 dags	𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍉𐍃 dagōs
Vocative	𐌳𐌰𐌲 dag
Accusative	𐌳𐌰𐌲 dag	𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 dagans
Genitive	𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 dagis	𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌴 dagē
Dative	𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰 daga	𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌼 dagam

Neuter

Citation form: 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽 strong n (akran)

Declension	Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽 akran	𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰 akrana
Vocative	𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽 akran
Accusative	𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽 akran	𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰 akrana
Genitive	𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌿𐍃 akranis	𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌴 akranē
Dative	𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰 akrana	𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼 akranam

JA-stems

Masculine

monosyllable with short or long open stem-syllable
Citation form: 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 strong m (harjis)

Declension	Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 harjis	𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐍉𐍃 harjōs
Vocative	𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌹 hari
Accusative	𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌹 hari	𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 harjans
Genitive	𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 harjis	𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌴 harjē
Dative	𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰 harja	𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌼 harjam

monosyllable with long closed stem-syllable or polysyllable
Citation form: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 strong m (andeis)

Declension	Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 andeis	𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉𐍃 andōs
Vocative	𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹 andi
Accusative	𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹 andi	𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 andans
Genitive	𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 andeis	𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴 andē
Dative	𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 anda	𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 andam

Neuter

Citation form: 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹 strong n (kuni)

Declension	Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹 kuni	𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 kunja
Vocative	𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹 kuni
Accusative	𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹 kuni	𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 kunja
Genitive	𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 kunjis	𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌴 kunjē
Dative	𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 kunja	𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌼 kunjam

WA-stems

Masculine

Citation form: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐍃 strong m (þius)

Declension	Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐌸𐌹𐌿𐍃 þius	𐌸𐌹𐍅𐍉𐍃 þiwōs
Vocative	𐌸𐌹𐌿 þiu
Accusative	𐌸𐌹𐌿 þiu	𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍃 þiwans
Genitive	𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃 þiwis	𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌴 þiwē
Dative	𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌰 þiwa	𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌼 þiwam

Neuter

Citation form: 𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌿 strong n (kniu)

Declension	Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌿 kniu	𐌺𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌰 kniwa
Vocative	𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌿 kniu
Accusative	𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌿 kniu	𐌺𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌰 kniwa
Genitive	𐌺𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃 kniwis	𐌺𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌴 kniwē
Dative	𐌺𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌰 kniwa	𐌺𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌼 kniwam

Ō-stems

Feminine
Citation form: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 strong f (þiuda)

Declension	Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 þiuda	𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 þiudōs
Vocative	𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 þiuda
Accusative	𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 þiuda	𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 þiudōs
Genitive	𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐍃 þiudōs	𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉 þiudō
Dative	𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹 þiudái	𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐍉𐌼 þiudōm

JŌ- and WŌ-stems

They are also feminine and the only difference with pure ō-stems, is that mono syllabic jō-stems with long stem-syllable or polysyllabic jō-stems have the nominative singular ending with -𐌹 (-i).

I-stems

Masculine

Citation form: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 strong m (gasts)

Declension	Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 gasts	𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍃 gasteis
Vocative	𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄 gast
Accusative	𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄 gast	𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃 gastins
Genitive	𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐍃 gastis	𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌴 gastē
Dative	𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰 gasta	𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌼 gastim

Feminine

Citation form: 𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 strong f (ansts)

Declension	Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 ansts	𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍃 ansteis
Vocative	𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄 anst
Accusative	𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄 anst	𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍃 anstins
Genitive	𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍃 anstáis	𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌴 anstē
Dative	𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹 anstái	𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌼 anstim

U-stems

Masculine and Feminine

Citation form: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 strong m (sunus)

Declension	Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 sunus	𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌿𐍃 sunjus
Vocative	𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌿 sunau
Accusative	𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿 sunu	𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐌽𐍃 sununs
Genitive	𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍃 sunáus	𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌴 suniwē
Dative	𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌿 sunáu	𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐌼 sunum

Neuter

Citation form: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 strong n (faíhu)

Declension	Singular	Plural
Nominative	𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 faíhu	extant
Vocative	extant
Accusative	𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 faíhu	extant
Genitive	𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃 faíháus	extant
Dative	𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌿 faíháu	extant

See also

• Declensions
• Gothic weak declension
• Gothic minor declensions
• Declension in Wikipedia